Teardrop hull

Until the introduction of the teardrop hull on USS Albacore, most submarines (such as this German Type VIIc submarine, U-955) were designed with an emphasis on surface performance.

Modern German Type 212 submarine in dock, displaying the distinctive teardrop hull.

HMS Astute is demonstrative of teardrop ("Albacore") hull design, lacking protrusions other than the sail, bow planes, and fins.

A teardrop hull is a submarine hull design which emphasizes hydrodynamic flow above all other factors. Benefits over previous types include increased underwater speed and a smaller acoustic signature, making detection by sonar more difficult. Another advantage was that the entire bow could be used to house a sonar for the submarine's own hunting of opponents; the foreplanes are located so as not to interfere with the sonar.

The design was initially introduced in 1953 on USS Albacore,^[1] and for this reason, is often referred to as an "Albacore hull." Commissioned in 1959, USS Barbel was the first operational submarine to feature this hull design,^[2] and some form of the design has been present in the operational submarine fleets of almost every navy since that time.

There are several design variations for specific purposes. American designers moved the foreplanes to the sail, where they could be tilted upward to aid in piercing thin ice in the Arctic Ocean; the British often located the foreplanes forward, at the level of the deck and enabled them to fold upward so as to not foul harbor structures; those of other countries often retract the foreplanes in ways conventional or novel. The hulls of Western submarines of this type end in a single propeller, so as to minimize drag; the Soviet equivalents often still had two propellers, to provide for a second motor either for greater power or safety. The Barbel hull had a long taper abaft of the sail, again to minimize drag, but the British Upholder class had the propeller axis depressed, with the extreme aft of the hull having a shorter taper, so as to provide greater strength to the hull. The German submarine pictured on this page has the aft of her hull tapering abruptly for this purpose, though its propeller axis follows that of the rest of the hull. The Albacore studied several positions of the afterplanes. American designers settled on a cruciform arrangement (a Greek cross viewed from behind); they rejected the alternative of an x-arrangement for its complexity, but it was accepted by the Dutch, among others, for its ability to snuggle closer to a shallow seabed without striking the rudder on the sea floor. The Soviets often repeated a conventional arrangement.

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