Tamil Jain

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Tamil Jains

Total population
83,359[1]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Tamil
Religion
Jainism
Mel Sithamur Jain Math, the residence of Bhattaraka Laxmisena

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Jain Prayers

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Philosophy

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Major figures

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Major Sects

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Texts

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Other

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Festivals
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Tamil Jains or Samaṇar or Nainar (Tamil: சமணர் (அல்லது) நயினார், from Jain Prakrit samaṇa "wandering renunciate") are a Tamil people from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu who practice Digambara Jainism (Tamil: சமணம், Samaṇam). They are a micro-community of around 85,000 (around 0.13% of the population of Tamil Nadu). Tamil Jains are predominantly scattered in Northern Tamil Nadu, largely in the districts of Chennai, Viluppuram, Kanchipuram, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Cuddalore and Thanjavur.

Early Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions in Tamil Nadu date to the 3rd century BCE and describe the livelihoods of Tamil Jains. Many of the rich Tamil literature works were written by Samaṇar, such as the Nālaṭiyār, the Silappatikaram, the Manimekalai and the Civaka Cintamani. Three of the five great epics of Tamil literature are attributed to Jains.[2]

Origin of Jainism in Tamil Nadu

Some scholars believe that Jain philosophy must have entered South India some time in 6th century B.C. Literary sources and inscription state that Bhadrabahu came over to Shravanabelagola with a 12000-strong retinue of Jain sages when north India found it hard to negotiate with the 12 year long famine in the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. Even Chandragupta accompanied this constellation of sages. On reaching Shravanabelagola, Bhadrabahu felt his end approaching and decided stay back along with Chandragupta and he instructed the Jain saints to tour over the Chola and Pandiya domains.

According to other scholars, Jainism must have existed in south India well before the visit of Bhadrabhu and Chandragupta. There are plenty of caves as old as 4th century CE are found with Jain inscriptions and Jain deities around Madurai, Trichy, Kanyakumari, Tanjavur.

A number of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Tamil Nadu that date from the second century BCE. They are regarded to be associated with Jain monks and lay devotees.[3][4]

History

The exact origins of Jainism in Tamil Nadu is unclear. However, Jains flourished in Tamil Nadu at least as early as the Sangam period. Tamil Jain tradition places their origins are much earlier. The Ramayana mentions that Rama paid homage to Jaina monks living in South India on his way to Sri Lanka.[5] Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil (3rd century BCE), Tolkāppiyam, was a Jain.[6]

Tirukkural by Valluvar is considered by to be the work by a Jain by scholars like V. Kalyanasundarnar, Vaiyapuri Pillai,[7] Swaminatha Iyer,[8] P.S. Sundaram.[9] It emphatically supports vegetarianism (Chapter 26) and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than thousand offerings in fire( verse (259).

Silappatikaram, first epic in Tamil literature, was written by a Samaṇa, Ilango Adigal. This epic is a major work in Tamil literature, describing the historical events of its time and also of then-prevailing religions, Jainism, Buddhism and Shaivism. The main characters of this work, Kannagi and Kovalan, who have a divine status among Tamils, were Jains.

According to George L. Hart, who holds the endowed Chair in Tamil Studies by University of California, Berkeley, has written that the legend of the Tamil Sangams or "literary assemblies: was based on the Jain sangham at Madurai:

There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 A.D. in Madurai. It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the Sangam legend.[10]

Jainism began to decline around the 8th century CE, with many Tamil kings embracing Hindu religions, especially Shaivism. Still, the Chalukya, Pallava and Pandya dynasties embraced Jainism.

When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State, comprising present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning Tamil country.

The total number of Tamil Jains as per 2011 Indian census is 83,359,[1] which forms 0.12% of the total population of Tamil Nadu (72,138,958).

Jains in Tamil Nadu[1]
Parameter Population Male Female
Total Population 83,359 43,114 40,245
Literates Population 68,587 36,752 31,835
Workers Population 26,943 23,839 3,104
Cultivators Population 2,216 1,675 541
Agricultural Workers Population 768 325 443
HH Industry Workers Population 574 441 133
Other Workers Population 23,385 21,398 1,987
Non-Workers Population 56,416 19,275 37,141

Lifestyle

The occupation of the majority of the Tamil Jain families is agriculture. Many are teachers. A considerable number of them are settled in urban areas, they are employed in public and private sectors. A small population has settled overseas (US, Canada, UK, Australia and other places).

Identity

Tamil Jains are well assimilated in Tamil society, without any outward differentiation. Their physical features are similar to Tamils. Apart from certain religious adherences, practices and vegetarianism, their culture is similar to the rest of Tamil Nadu. However, they name their children by the names of Tirthankaras and characters from Jaina literature.

Lifetime ceremonies

Ezhankaapu - On the seventh day of its birth, a new born baby is adorned with bracelets.

Kaathu Kutthal - Ear piercing and adorning child with ear rings - This ceremony is mostly performed in either Aarpakkam temple or Thirunarangkondai i.e.Thirunarungkundram. (Appandai Nathar is name of the deity).

Other Ceremonies

Gommateshvara, Karnataka

Upadesam - Formal induction into religious practices and adherences is called Upadesam. This is done to both men and women - at around the age of 15 years. After Ubadesam, one is supposed to follow religious practices with vigor and seriousness.

Marriage - Outwardly, Jain marriages resemble Hindu marriages. However, the mantras chanted are Jain. There is no Brahmin priest; instead there is a Samaṇar called a Koyil Vaadhiyar "temple priest” who conducts the ceremonies.

Pilgrimage - Most Jains go on pilgrimage to tirthas and major Jain temples in the North India - Shikharji, Pavapuri, Champapuri and Ujjayanta Giri - as well as places in South India such as in Karanataka, Shravanabelagola, Humbaj, Simmanagadde and Ponnur Malai in Tamil Nadu.

Funeral rites - Dead are placed on a pyre and incinerated. Ashes are disbursed in water courses and ceremonies are performed on tenth or sixteenth day. Annual remembrance ceremonies similar to Hindu practice are not performed. But no festivities or functions are followed that year on the paternal side.

Festivals

Fastings and other religious practices

Full moon days, Chaturdasi (14th day of the fortnight), Ashtami (8th day of the fortnight) are days chosen for fasting and religious observations. Women take food only after reciting the name of a Thirthankara five times. People undertake such practices as a vow for certain period of time - sometimes even for years. On completion, Udhyapana festivals (special prayer services) are performed, religious books and memorabilia are distributed. People who take certain vows eat only after sunrise and before sunset.

Temple locations

Residence of Bhattaraka Laxmisena at the Mel Sithamur Jain Math
Courtyard of the main temple at Mel Sithamur Jain Math during a religious festival
Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple
Arahanthgiri Jain Math
Karandai Digambar Jain Temple
Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple
Ponnur Hils

Puja is done in the following old (built several centuries ago) and new (built in the last 100 years) Tamil Digambara Jain temples (in alphabetical order):

  • Aadhinath Jain Temple, Cuddalore (old)
  • Anumanthakudi, Sivagangai dt.(new)
  • Adambakkam, Chennai Dt. (New)
  • Agalur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Alagramam, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Arahanthgiri Jain Math, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Arani (S.V.Nagaram), Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Arani (Pudukamur), Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Arani (Saidapet), Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Arani (Palayam), Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Arani (Kosapalayam) Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Arani(Irumbedu)(poondi kovil) Thiruvannamalai Dt.
  • Arungulam Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Arpaakkam, Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Arugavur, Solai, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Ayalavadi, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Birudur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Cheyyar, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Deepangudi, Nagapattinam Dt. (Old)
  • Desur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Easaakolathur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Elangadu, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Eyyil, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Erumbur, Thiruvannamalai Dt.(Old)
  • George Town, Chennai Dt. (New)
  • Gingee, Viluppuram Dt. (Old)
  • Ilayangudi, Sivagangai Dt/ (New)
  • Kannalam, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Kallapuliyur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Kallakullathur, Villupuram Dt. {old}
  • Karanthai, Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Karanthai, Thanjavur Dt. (Old)
  • Keezh Villivanam, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Keezh Edaylam, Villupuram Dt. ( very Old)
  • Kilsathamangalam, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Koliyanur, Villupuram Dt.(Old)
  • Kolathur, Chennai Dt. (New)
  • Kolappalur, Thiruvannamalai Dt (Old)
  • Kovilampoondi, Thiruvannamalai Dt (Old)
  • Kumbakonam, Thanjavur Dt. (Old)
  • Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple, Tiruvarur Dt. (Old)
  • Melapandal, Vellore Dt. (New)
  • Melmalaiyanur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Villupuram Dt.
  • Mettu Street, Kanchipuram (New)
  • Mudalur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Nallavan Palayam,[Thiruvannamalai]Dt.(New)
  • Nallur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Nanganallur, Chennai Dt. (New)
  • Naval, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Nedimolliyanur Villupuram Dt. {old}
  • Nelliyankulam, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Othalavaadi, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Pammal, Chennai (New)
  • Peranamallur, Thiruvannamalai Dt (Old)
  • Perani, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Periyakozhappalur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Perumandur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Perumbogai, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Ponnur Malai, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Puzhal, Chennai Dt. (New)
  • Renderipet, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • R.Kunnathur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Samanar Koil, Kolli Hills, Namakkal Dt.
  • Sathuvachari, Vellore Dt. (New)
  • Seeyamangalam, Tiruvannamalai Dt.
  • Sevur, Vellore Dt. (Old)
  • Sitharaal, Nagercoil Dt. (Old)
  • Sittanavasal, Pudukottai Dt. (Old)
  • Sitthamur, Villupuram Dt. (Oldest jain temple and Jain math)
  • Somaasipadi, Thiruvannamalai (New)
  • Thirunarunkundram, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Thiruparuthikundram, Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Thirupanamoor, Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Thachambadi, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Thatchur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Thayanur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Thirakoil, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Thirupparankunram, Madurai Dt.(Sangam literature Paripadal 19 step 51)
  • Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (New)
  • Thondur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Tindivanam, Villupuram Dt (New)
  • Valathi / Valathy, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Vandavasi, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)
  • Valapandal Vellore Dt. (Old)
  • Veedur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Veeranamur, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Vellimedupettai, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Vempoondi, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Venbakkam, Kanchipuram Dt. (Old)
  • Vizhukkam, Villupuram Dt. (Old)
  • Vijayamangalam, Erode Dt. (Old)
  • Virudur, Thiruvannamalai Dt. (Old)

Religious head

Bhattaraka Laxmisena

Main articles: Laxmisena and Jina Kanchi Jain Mutt

Bhattaraka Laxmisena of Jina Kanchi Jain Mutt or madam at Mel-Sithamoor (near Tindivanam, Villupuram District) is the religious head of the community. He performs the Upadesam ceremony (similar to Baptism) for Jain children. In the past, this mutt had been the centre for religious study, guiding and helping the economic activities of its members, organising religious discourses, maintenance of temples and such activities. The mutt was able to achieve such multifarious operations with the help and contributions of its members. At present the mutt is also maintaining A Gousala (Cows & others).

The present finance position of the mutt is inadequate for even day-to-day maintenance. Planting of coconut and mango trees has been started to increase the revenue of the fund for the purpose of day-to-day maintenance of the mutt. The car ('Ther') in the mutt requires replacement of wooden wheels.

Swasthi Shree Dhavalakeerthi Bhattaraka Swamiji

In additional to the above, a new mutt named Arahanthgiri Jain Math located at Thirumalai near Polur, Tiruvannamalai district, has been functioning from February 8, 1998 with the name Dhavalakeerthi Swamigal. Now in the mutt around 2300 students are studying from primary to higher secondary school including Jain philosophy with free boarding and lodging. Maintenance of the above is done through contributions from donors.[11]

Photo Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 http://census2001.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx
  2. ↑ Jaina Literature in Tamil, Prof. A. Chakravartis
  3. ↑ Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. Iravatham Mahadeva, Harvard University Press, 2003
  4. ↑ http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42 RECENT DISCOVERIES OF JAINA CAVE INSCRIPTIONS IN TAMILNADU By Iravatham Mahadevan
  5. ↑ http://jainsquare.com/2011/07/29/history-of-tamil-jains/|date=September 2011
  6. ↑ Singh, Narendra (2001). Encyclopaedia of Jainism. Anmol Publications. p. 3144. ISBN 978-81-261-0691-2. 
  7. ↑ Tirukkural, Vol. 1, S.M. Diaz, Ramanatha Adigalar Foundation, 2000,
  8. ↑ Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural, Bharatiya Jnanapith, 1987
  9. ↑ The Kural, P. S. Sundaram, Penguin Classics, 1987
  10. ↑ "The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart". Web.archive.org. 1997-07-09. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  11. ↑ "Swasthy Shree Dhavalakeerthi Swamiji". Akalanka-educational-trust.com. Retrieved 2012-05-26. 

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