Taishanese people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

台山人
Hoi San Ngin
Total population
Estimated: 8 - 9 million
Regions with significant populations
Greater China (Guangdong, Hong Kong) North America (Canada, United States)
Languages
Taishanese, Cantonese, Mandarin
Religion
Predominantly Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Traditional Chinese religion. Minority Christianity.
Related ethnic groups
Other Han Chinese

Sze Yap Cantonese (Chinese: 四邑廣東人; Sze Yap: Sli Yip Gong Ong Ngin; Cantonese: Sze Yap Gwong Dong Yan; Mandarin: Sìyì guǎngdōng rén) are a Han Chinese group coming from a region in Guangdong Province in China called Sze Yap (四邑), now called Ng Yap, which consists of the cities of Taishan, Kaiping, Xinhui, Enping, Heshan and Jiangmen; which now administers these cities. Their ancestors are said to have arrived from what is today central China about less than a thousand years ago and migrated into Guangdong around the Tang Dynasty rule period and thus Taishanese as a dialect of Yue Chinese has linguistically preserved many characteristics of Middle Chinese. Although Taishanese is considered to be one of the Cantonese groups of the Yue Chinese family, it has also retained an identity that distinguishes themselves from other Cantonese groups. One theory among Taishanese themselves is that they were northern migrants from Tang who intermixed with the earlier local Cantonese people. Among the Han Chinese, Taishanese are a source for most of the famous international Chinese celebrities and have produced the largest numbers of Chinese actors and singers than any city/region in mainland China. Among Asian Americans, Taishanese are influential in politics and were the first Americans of Asian descent to be elected as Governors, Mayors, U.S congress, including the first international actress and actor of Asian descent, and the America's first ace in World War II also have an Taishanese origin.

Linguistic and Identity

Taishanese is a dialect of Yue Chinese but is also treated separately from Standard Cantonese, since Cantonese speakers often find Taishanese difficult to understand and usually with an average intelligibility of only 30%, however this is also true for other Yue Chinese dialects such as Goulou dialects.[1][2] Like other varieties of Chinese dialects, Taishanese is known only by Taishanese and by other Chinese people as Toisan Cantonese, it is not prosperous like standard Cantonese. Unlike most varieties of Chinese, Cantonese has semi-official status in Hong Kong and Macau, and has an independent tradition of a written vernacular. Aside from Standard Mandarin, Standard Cantonese has achieved worldwide fame and is internationally well known due to popular Cantonese speaking action movies from Hong Kong, also because Cantonese in Hong Kong is the lingua franca for education, media, government, communication in Hong Kong, this leads to even more exposure of Cantonese throughout the world. Taishanese, who make up one-third of the population of Hong Kong, may identify themselves with Cantonese instead of Taishanese. Since Hong Kong culture is heavily Cantonese influenced and is a Cantonese speaking society, Taishanese and other Han Chinese who are Hong Kong born and raised, assimilate into the Cantonese identity of Hong Kong. Everything in Hong Kong from pop music, movies, media, education, TV series, cuisines, opera, communication is in Cantonese, and because Hong Kong, like Macau, has high autonomy and a different law and government system from China, this yet again strengthens Hong Kong identity. Cantonese is seen by all Hong Kong people as a cultural marker and identity that distinguishes themselves from mainland Chinese. Many Hong Kong activist are of Taishanese origin such as Szeto Wah who is a politician of the pan-democracy camp and sing democratic Cantonese songs with other activists to promote democracy in China.

Culture

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Kaiping Diaolou and Villages
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List

Ruishi Diaolou 瑞石樓

Culturally, Taishanese people are very similar to Cantonese. Today many Sze Yap people have become successful in many areas such as the entertainment industry, business and politics. Hong Kongers of Sze Yap origin include: Andy Lau, Beyond (band), Danny Chan, Kenny Kwan, Joey Yung, Ronnie Chan, John Tsang, Andrew Li and many others. The Father of, Lai Man-Wai also has ancestry from the Sze Yap region of province. As a result, Sze Yap people have dominated in the entertainment industry and play most major roles in the music and movie sectors. In many films, Taishanese can be heard, especially in many of Karl Maka's films such as Merry Christmas and Aces Go Places.

It is said that over 100 famous people come from the Sze Yap region of Guangdong province, making the region famous for producing more stars than any other city/region in mainland China. As a result, the local government in Jiangmen which administers the Sze Yap or Ng Yap cities of Taishan, Kaiping, Enping, Xinhui, and Heshan, decided to build a Stars Park called Jiangmen star park (江门星光园).[3]

Taishan county is famous for being the Birthplace of China's Volleyball, that was brought to Taishan by overseas, and the city won many provincial and national championships. Taishanese are well known for their love for Volleyball and being China's champions.[4] Premier Zhou En-Lai once stated, "Taishan is Half of Country's (China) System.

In 2007, UNESCO named the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (开平碉楼与村落) in China as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO wrote, "...the Diaolou ... display a complex and flamboyant fusion of and Western structural and decorative forms. They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes. The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings." Today, approximately 1,833 diaolou remain standing in Kaiping, and approximately 500 in Taishan. Although the diaolou served mainly as protection against forays by bandits, a few of them also served as living quarters. Kaiping has traditionally been a region of major emigration abroad, and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas. As a result, many diaolou incorporate architectural features from China and from the West.

Economy and Business

Jiangmen GDP is ranked the 70th richest city in China out of 656 cities in 2012. Jiangmen was selected by the Chinese state as a pilot city for a nationwide information programme.[5] According to the "Report on Investment Environment in China 2003" by the World Bank, Jiangmen ranked the fourth after Shanghai, Hangzhou and Dalian of 23 cities under evaluation in China. Among various indicators, Jiangmen excelled in infrastructure, labour redundancy, proportion of joint ventures in all firms, informal payments to government, taxation, productivity and the investment rate.

Besides dominating the entertainment industry, they are quite dominant and influential in Hong Kong's Business Industry, such as the Bank of East Asia (東亞銀行), Lee Kum Kee (李錦記), Hang Lung Properties, Maxim's Catering (美心), Hysan Development Limited, Li & Fung (利豐), Beijing Air Catering Ltd, Hysan Development Company Limited (希慎興業) and many others.

Famous overseas Taishanese businessmen includes Loke Yew, the richest man of Malaysia in his time and who made significant impact in the growth of Kuala Lumpur, and was one of founder fathers of Victoria institution. Jack Yan who founded his company Lucire, is a magazine publisher in New Zealand and he also owns a software firm that created over 100 typeface designs himself for the firm, and inspired other local typeface designers such as Kris Sowersby to pursue careers in that industry. Norman Kwong who is the lieutenant governor of Alberta, is also president and manager of Calgary Stampeders a Canadian football league. In 2011 Forbes ranked Taishanese businessman Patrick Soon-Shiong owner of the Los Angeles Lakers and ranked as the wealthiest American in the healthcare industry and in Los Angeles.[6] fortune at $7.2 billion, ranking him #39 among US billionaires. He performed the world’s first encapsulated human islet transplant and the first pig to man islet cell transplant in diabetic patients. He invented the nation’s first FDA approved protein nanoparticle delivery technology for the treatment of metastatic breast cance. The drug, Abraxane, is now approved in over 40 countries, and currently in trials for lung,

History Overseas

Because the history of the going abroad is long, and there are many people sojourning widely in various districts, is called " No.1 Homeland of Overseas Chinese ".[7] Now, 1.3 million overseas distribute in 91 countries and regions of the five continents including US, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Trestle, c.1869. : Carleton Watkins
Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Taishanese have large influence in the course of Asian-American history, as they were first Asian Americans to be elected as Governors, Mayors, U.S congress in the continental United States. The first international celebrity of Asian descent, and America's first Ace in world war II. They also represented the largest Asian community in America and have an large significant contribution in building the First Transcontinental Railroad of United States. They were instrumental in the completion of the railroads. About 12,000 such emigrant workers were employed as laborers by the Central Pacific Railroad representing 90 percent of the entire work force.[8] J. O. Wilder, a Central Pacific-Southern Pacific employee, commented that “The Chinese were as steady, hard-working a set of men as could be found. With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6, the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen. A single Irish foreman with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel; of these, 12 to 15 worked on the heading, and the rest on the bottom removing material. When a gang was small or the men needed elsewhere, the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going.”[8] The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day, while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each, managing the laborers.[9]

The Sun Ning Railway (aka Sunning Railway and Xinning Railway ) 新寧鐵路 (pinyin: Xinning Tielu) was a standard gauge railway in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong Province founded in 1906 by a man of Taishanese origin Chin Gee Hee 陳宜禧 (pinyin: Chen Yixi) and Yu Shek 余灼 (pinyin: Yu Zhuo). It was South China's second railway[10][11][12] and one of only three railways in pre-1949 China built solely with private Chinese capital.[13][14]

World war II

alt=Soldier kneels aiming down the iron sight of a Thompson submachine gun in front of a M3 Half-track.

It has been estimated that between 12,000[15] and 20,000[16] Chinese American men, representing up to 22 percent of the men in their portion of the U.S. population, served during World War II.[17] Of those serving about 40 percent were not citizens,and unlike Japanese and Filipino Americans, 75 percent served in non-segregated units. Chinese Americans distinguished themselves from Japanese Americans, and suffered less discrimination.[18] A quarter of those would serve in the U.S. Army Air Forces, some of were sent to the Chinese-Burma-India theater for service with the 14th Air Service Group[19] and the Chinese-American Composite Wing.[20] Another 70 percent would go on to serve in the U.S. Army in various units, including the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 32nd and 77th Infantry Divisions.[17] Prior to the war, the U.S. Navy had recruited Chinese Americans but they had been restricted to serve only as stewards;[20] this continued until May 1942, when restrictions ceased and they were allowed to serve in other ratings. Wilbur Carl Sze was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant and the first Chinese-American officer in the U.S. Marine Corps.

List of Notable people from China and Hong Kong

List of Notable people from China and other countries in U.S, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii ect

Artists

  • Alan Chin - San Francisco Bay Area contemporary artist
  • Tyrus Wong - painter, muralist, ceramicist, lithographer, designer and kite maker
  • James Hong - former president of the Association of Asian/Pacific American Artists (AAPAA)

Directors and presenters

  • Arthur Dong - is a Three Award-winning Films, Academy Award-nominated American documentary filmmaker and also three Sundance Film Festival Awards, and five Emmy nominations
  • Kim Chan - was a Chinese-American actor and producer
  • Esther Eng was a Chinese–American film director. Eng was the first female director to direct Chinese-language films in the United States. Eng made four feature films in America and five in Hong Kong

Business

  • Patrick Soon-Shiong A would famous surgeon who performed the first encapsulated human and invented the first FDA approved protein nanoparticle technology . In 2011 Forbes ranked Taishanese businessman fortune at $7.2 billion, ranking him #39 among US billionaires.
  • Kwong Sue Duk- A merchant in Australia, respected and influential amongst the Chinese and European communities
  • Wong Ah Fook A builder of many famous Johor heritage buildings
  • Chin Gee Hee - A labor contractor, and railway entrepreneur who contributed railway workers for American railway project.
  • Jack Yan - He founded Lucire an fashion magazine publisher in New Zealand.
  • James Tak Wu - founder of Hong Kong's famous Maxim's Catering Limited, which is Hong Kong's largest food & beverage corporation and restaurant chain. His ancestral town is Sijiu (四九)
  • Loke Wan Tho founder of Cathay Organisation in Singapore and Malaysia
  • Thomas Tam a Hong Kong-born Canadian businessman
  • Annie Wu Suk-ching - founder of Beijing Air Catering Ltd and member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. She is the daughter of James Tak Wu.
  • Qiu Liben selected by the netizens in China as one of the Top 100 Public Intellectuals in 2006 and 2008.
  • Lee Quo-wei - director of Hang Seng Bank and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His ancestral home is in Kaiping.
  • Lui Che Woo - is a billionaire businessman who developed multi-national conglomerate involving properties, entertainment & leisure, construction materials and hotels with over 200 subsidiaries and more than 20,000 employees in Hong Kong, Mainland China, Macau, North America and Southeast Asia. On May 2011, Galaxy Entertainment Group Limited has opened $2 billion Galaxy casino and hotel in Macau with 2,200 rooms, 50 restaurants, 450 gambling tables, an artificial beach and a wave pool.
  • Yip Hon - A Macau tyconn with estimated wealth of 100 million
  • Yip Sang - was a prominent Canadian businessman, whose business and family flourished during the period when Chinese Canadians faced discrimination and restrictions.
  • Lee Quo-wei - was a prominent Hong Kong businessman who served as the director of Hang Seng Bank and Chinese University of Hong Kong. He was awarded a Grand Bauhinia Medal in 1997.

Athletes

  • Norman Kwong - Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta & professional football player, president & manager of the Calgary Stampeders. He was one of very few of his contemporaries to be voted one of the Canadian Football League's Top 50 players of the sport's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.
  • Wan Chi-keung was a known as "Asia's top striker". Wan was a key player for the Hong Kong national football team in the 1970s and 1980s. Played for South China and Japan club seiko. After retired, he became an actor.
  • Yi Jianlian is a 7 ft tall Chinese basketball player; he played for NBA, Milwaukee Bucks, New Jersey Nets, and Washington Wizards.
  • Tam Kong-pak- who represented the Republic of China national team during the 1936 summer olympics.
  • He Jianbin His mother Guohua Ying was backstroke national record holder, also represent China in the Los Angeles Olympic Games. He is a Chinese swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 21st overall
  • Yu Zhuocheng Yu won a silver medal in the 3 metre springboard diving at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games
  • Guan Weizhen She is the only woman to have won three consecutive women's doubles titles at the BWF World Championships. She also won a silver medal in 1996 olympics Barcelona. She's also part of the team that won Uber Cup (women's international) teams that won world championships at this biennial event.
  • Rong Zhi Xing was Nicknamed: "Asian Pele","New Chinese Football King".
  • Chen Xiaomin Chinese retired weightlifter, in 2000 Sydney Olympics on the women's 63 kg weightlifting gold medal, also a world and Asian champion
  • Kim Ng executive in Major League Baseball. She is currently the Senior Vice-President for Baseball Operations with Major League Baseball.
  • Tan Sixin She is a gymnastic youth champion, east Asian champion and national champion. She was also a bronze medal world champion

Education

  • Wu Lien-teh - First Han Chinese and Malaysian Chinese to be nominated for a Nobel prize in physiology or Medicine
  • Chu Ching-wu - Selected as the Best Researcher in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in 1990.
  • Li Enliang - Chinese civil engineer and educator.
  • Chin Siu Dek- (aka Jimmy H. Woo) - martial artist of Sanba and a Grandmaster of Kung Fu San Soo.
  • William Poy Lee - San Francisco author who wrote The Eighth Promise. book won the 2007 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for outstanding and original contribution to multicultural literature.
  • Ken Hom - Chinese American chef, author and British television-show presenter. In 2009 he was awarded by Queen Elizabeth II with an honorary OBE for ‘services to culinary arts’.
  • Betty Kwan Chinn- won the 2008 Minerva Award.U.S. President Barack Obama awarded her and 12 others the Presidential Citizens Medal on August 4, 2010 at the White House[2]
  • Wing-tsit Chan - was one of the world's leading scholars of Chinese philosophy and religion, active in the United States. Chan was the author of A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, one of the most influential sources in the field of Asian studies, and of hundreds of books and articles in both English and Chinese on Chinese philosophy and religion. He was a leading translator of Chinese philosophical texts into English in the 20th century

Historical figures

  • Liang Qichao - scholar, journalist, philosopher and reformist and was called Mind of Modern China
  • Kang Youwei - prominent politician and Leader Gongche Shangshu movement who influenced Guangxu Emperor and Chinese politicians
  • Loke Yew the richest man of Malaysia in his time and made significant impact in the growth of Kuala Lumpur, and was one of founder fathers of Victoria institution.
  • Evan Low - the youngest Asian American mayor in the United States.
  • Anna May Wong - the first Asian and Chinese American to become international movie star.
  • Chen Yunchang - a very famous Shanghainese actress. She starred some popular movies including Mulan Joins the Army. She is the 3rd "Chinese Film Queen"; while the 1st is Hu Die who is also of Sze Yap origin.
  • Gary Locke - the first Chinese American and the first Asian descent to become an governor of continental United stated. He was also the first Chinese to served as the Commerce Secretary of the US.
  • James Wong Howe - master cinematographer of Hollywood.
  • Arthur Chin – America's first ace in World War II.
  • Raymond Kwok Chow (a.k.a. Shrimp Boy) -- San Francisco Chinatown mobster, Dragon Head of the San Francisco Chapter Chinese Freemasons
  • Judy Chu She is the first Chinese American woman ever elected to the U.S. Congress. Chu was reelected in the 2010 United States midterm elections, defeating Republican challenger Edward "Ed" Schmerling.
  • Michael Woo He served as the first Asian American on the Los Angeles City Council from 1985 to 1993. Woo chaired the Citywide Planning commission, until 1993 when he became the first Asian American to run for the mayor of a major city.
  • Szeto Wah- He is the first Chinese and first person from Asia to have received an Homo Homini Award. He is regarded be one of the most influential Hong Kong politician of pan-democracy movement and is respected by many pro-democracy citizens from China and Hong Kong.
  • Alexander Yee - calculated World Record digits of Pi.
  • Louie Yim-qun - During the Sino-Japanese war, Louie ended the war with 3 biplane victories. After the Japanese surrender, he went to Japan as a member of China’s Military Commission in Japan. In the 50’s and 60’s, General Louie served as Chief Liaison Officer to the U.S. Garrison Command in Taiwan, He came an instructor pilot for British India and also was the CEO of China Beijing Airline
  • Chan Siu-bak He was one of the Four Bandits, together with Sun Yat-sen, Yau Lit and Yeung Hok-ling. president of the Hong Kong Chinese Revolutionary Alliance.
  • Hazel Ying Lee Chinese American pilot who flew for the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II
  • Chen Baisha- One of China most famous Confucian scholars, poets, and calligraphers, during the Ming Dynasty
  • Chan Heung- Is one of the martial legend of China and founder of the Choy Li Fut that became one of China's most popular fighting system.
  • Jeong Yim- He is Chan Heung best student, and is recognized as an important contributor to the expansion of Choy Li Fut. His life is filled with heroism, myths, stories, and legends, and was an significant influential character in the novels of anti-Qing organizations.
  • Kwan Tak-hing - Is In total he made over 130 films. No-one else in cinema history has portrayed the same person as many times he did.
  • Jian Youwen - was a Chinese historian, public official, known in particular for his writings on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He taught at Yenching University, the University of Hong Kong, and Yale University.
  • Chin Siu Dek (Jimmy H. Woo) - the man responsible for bringing Kung Fu San Soo
  • Chan Kowk Wai He introduced traditional Shaolin Kung Fu to Brazil through the China-Brazil Kung Fu Academy.[1] His disciples have spread as far as the USA, Canada, Spain, Argentina and the Czech Republic. In September, 2004, Chan was awarded the 10th degree of the World Organization of Wu Shu & Kung Fu Masters from Vancouver, BC, Canada,[2] in five styles: Northern Shaolin, Yang Taiji, Bagua, Xingyi and Hungsing Choileifat.

Politicians

  • Fernando Chui The Chief executive of Macau
  • Tang Shaoyi - first prime minister of Republic of China
  • Fernando Cheung - a HK politician the vice-chairman of the Labour Party, was also a physician and head of an Asian rights organization in San Francisco.
  • Wu Tingfang - was a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Wu Chaoshu - became Foreign Affairs Minister and served as Minister to the United States from 1928 to 1931,
  • Wen Tsung-yao - Deputy president of Tibet, and a Politician and diplomat of Qing.
  • Mei Quong Tart - An businessman and Politician, significant impact against anti-Chinese sentiment in Australia
  • John Tsang - Financial Secretary of Hong Kong.
  • Leland Yee - California State Senator. In 2004 Yee became the first Asian American to be appointed Speaker pro Tempore.
  • Margaret Chin - New York City-based American politician. A Democrat, she was elected to the New York City Council (First elected to this position) on November 3, 2009, to represent District 1 in Lower Manhattan.
  • Bill Lann Lee - United States Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, Clinton Administration.
  • Chaovarat Chanweerakul - Acting prime minister of Thailand
  • Julius Chan - former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea of An Nan Jiang Chao village in Doushan.
  • Hiram Fong (a.k.a. Hiram Kwong) (1906–2004) - former US Senator from Hawaii.
  • Matt Fong (a.k.a. Matt Kwong) (1953–2011) - former Treasurer of the State of California.
  • Wong Kim Ark - defendant in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898).
  • Fernando Cheung a HK politician the vice-chairman of the Labour Party, was also a physician and head of an Asian rights organization in San Francisco.
  • Patrick Yu - Hong Kong lawyer and Crown Counsel, and founder of its first law school.
  • Inky Mark - is a Canadian politician and a former member of the Canadian House of Commons and is also a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.
  • Yu Hung-Chun - Political figure who served as premier of the Republic of China on Taiwan between 1954 and 1958.
  • Wu Shih-wen - was the Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China in 2000-2002.
  • Art Lee - Lee was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada to represent the electoral district of Vancouver East. From 1984 to 1987, he served as the leader of the British Columbia Liberal Party.
  • Liang Xiang - first governor of Hainan and a representative in the fifth, sixth, and seventh National People's Congresses.
  • Delbert E. Wong - was the first Chinese American judge in the continental United States.
  • Adrienne Clarkson - Born to a Taishanese father and Hakka mother, she is the Honourable as a former Governor General of Canada,

References

  1. ↑ Cantonese speakers have been shown to understand only about 30% of what they hear in Taishanese (Szeto 2000)
  2. ↑ (Ma & Cartier 2003)
  3. ↑ "江门星光园" nddaily
  4. ↑ http://www.taishan.com/english/
  5. ↑ []
  6. ↑ "Patrick Soon-Shiong - Forbes". Forbes.com. 9 March 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. 
  7. ↑ http://www.gdts.gov.cn/en/xgz.htm
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kraus, "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific," p. 49.
  9. ↑ John R. Gillis, "TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD." Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine, January 5, 1870, p. 418-423,
  10. ↑ The of Xinning Railway, Bureau of Archives of City.
  11. ↑ Scigliano 2007.
  12. ↑ Another transliteration of 余灼 (pinyin: Yu Zhuo) is Yu Chuek (Editors' note, p. 125, Chin Gee Hee, "Letter Asking for Support to Build the Sunning Railroad" (1911), p. 125–128 in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors), Chinese American Voices, University of California Press (2006). ISBN 0-520-24310-2.)
  13. ↑ Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida, The Asian American Educational Experience: A Source Book for Teachers and Students, Routledge (1995). ISBN 0-415-90872-8. p. 55.
  14. ↑ Jue (1983) for the ideographs and spellings.
  15. ↑ Wong, Kevin Scott (2005). Americans first: Chinese Americans and the Second World War. Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-674-01671-2. Retrieved 21 September 2009. 
  16. ↑ "One Fifth of Chinese Americans Fight Fascism in World War II". Xinhua News Agency. 28 May 2001. Retrieved 21 September 2009. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "World War II/Post War Era". Timeline. Oakland Museum of California. Retrieved 2 October 2009. 
  18. ↑ "Asian Americans:World War II". Calisphere. The Regents of The University of California. 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013. 
  19. ↑ James C. McNaughton (3 August 2009). "Chinese-Americans in World War II". Center of Military History. United States Army. Retrieved 2 October 2009. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Wong, Kevin Scott (2005). Americans first: Chinese Americans and the Second World War. Harvard University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-674-01671-2. Retrieved 2 October 2009. 
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