Swardspeak
Swardspeak (also known as "Bekimon" and "gay lingo") is an argot or cant slang derived from Englog (Tagalog-English code-switching) and used by a number of homosexuals in the Philippines.[1]
Description
Swardspeak uses elements from Tagalog, English, Spanish, and some from Japanese, as well as celebrities' names and trademark brands, giving them new meanings in different contexts.[2] It is largely localized within gay communities, making use of words derived from the local languages or dialects, including Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, and Bicolano.
Usage
A defining trait of swardspeak slang is that it immediately identifies the speaker as homosexual, making it easy for people of that orientation to recognize each other. This creates an exclusive group among its speakers and helps them resist cultural assimilation. More recently, though, even non-members of the gay community use this way of speaking, particularly heterosexual members of industries dominated by gays, such as the fashion and film industries.
By using swardspeak, Filipino gays are able to resist the dominant culture of their area and create a space of their own.[3] The language is constantly changing, with old phrases becoming obsolete and new phrases frequently entering everyday usage, reflecting changes in their culture and also maintaining exclusivity. The dynamic nature of the language refuses to cement itself in a single culture and allows for more freedom of expression among its speakers. Words and phrases can be created to react to popular trends and create alternatives to a strictly defined lifestyle. By these characteristics, swardspeak creates a dissident group without any ties to geographical, linguistic, or cultural restrictions, thus allowing its speakers to shape the language as appropriate to the times. In this way, the language is not only "mobile" and part of a larger community, but also open to more specific or local meanings.[4]
Gay people who speak the language almost exclusively are humorously called Bekimons (a contraction of Baklang Jejemon, 'Gay Jejemons').[5] Swardspeak is also spoken by babaeng bakla, women who associate exclusively or mostly with gay men (literally 'gay women', though they are actually heterosexual).[6]
Origin
The word "Swardspeak", according to Jose Javier Reyes, was coined by columnist and movie critic Nestor Torre in the 1970s. Reyes himself wrote a book on the subject entitled "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study".[7] "Sward" is slang for 'gay male' in the Philippines.[8] The origin of the individual words and phrases, however, has existed longer and come from a variety of sources.[9]
Conventions
Swardspeak is a form of slang (and therefore highly dynamic, as opposed to colloquialisms) that is built upon preexisting languages. It deliberately transforms or creates words that resemble words from other languages, particularly English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, French, and German. It is colorful, witty, and humorous, with vocabularies derived from popular culture and regional variations.[10] It is unintelligible to people not familiar with the Filipino gay culture or do not know the rules of usage.[11] There is no standardized set of rules, but some of the more common conventions are shown below:[12]
- Replacing the first letter/syllable of words with the letter "J"/"Sh" or the syllables "Jo-"/"Sho-" or "Ju-"/"Shu-".
Swardspeak | Original Word | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Jowa (variant diminutive: Jowabelle) | Asawa (husband, boyfriend) | Tagalog |
Jonta | Punta (to go [to a place]) | Tagalog |
Shupatid (further corrupted to Jupiter) | Kapatid (sibling) | Tagalog |
Shunga | Tanga (idiot) | Tagalog |
Julaylay | Alalay (assistant) | Tagalog |
- Replacing the first letter/syllable of words with the diphthongs "Ky-" or "Ny-".
Swardspeak | Original Word | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Kyota | Bata (child) | Tagalog |
Nyorts | Shorts | English |
Nyormville | FarmVille | English |
Kyoho | Mabaho (smelly) | Tagalog |
- Replacing the end syllable of words with "-ash", "-is", "-iz", "-ish", "-itch", "-ech", "-ush", or "-oosh" as a diminutive or augmentative suffix.
Swardspeak | Original Word | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Jotis (a very small amount) | Dyotay (a small amount) | Cebuano |
Jubis (very fat) | obese | English |
Wish/Wash (nothing) | Wala (nothing) | Tagalog |
Taroosh (very bitchy) | Taray (bitchy) | Tagalog |
Ititch (this one) | Ito (this one) | Tagalog |
Anech (what, usually exclamatory) | Ano (what) | Tagalog |
- Replacing "a", "o", or "u" sounds with "or", "er", or "ur", especially directly before or after the consonant "l".
Swardspeak | Original Word | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Heller | Hello | English |
Churchill | Sosyal (high society) | Tagalog (from Spanish 'Social') |
Kalurkey | Kaloka (insanely [entertaining], maddening, crazy) | Tagalog (from Spanish 'loca') |
Gander | Ganda (beautiful) | Tagalog |
- Inverting the letter order of a word, similar to Tagalog syllable switching slang. It is predominantly used in Cebuano swardspeak.[13]
Swardspeak | Original Word | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Ilij (no, not) | Dili (no, not) | Cebuano |
Bayu (lover, boyfriend) | Uyab (lover) | Cebuano |
Nial (bad, unpleasant) | Lain (bad, unpleasant) | Cebuano |
- Word play, puns, malapropisms, code-switching, onomatopoeic words that resemble preexisting words, and deliberately incorrect Anglicization of words.
Swardspeak | Original Word(s) | Language of Origin |
---|---|---|
Crayola (to cry, to be sad) | Cry | English |
Antibiotic (obnoxious, unpleasant) | Antipatika (obnoxious, unpleasant) | Tagalog (from Spanish 'antipática') |
Liberty (free) | Libre (free) | Tagalog (from Spanish 'libre') |
Career/Karir ('to take seriously', used as a verb) | Career | English |
Fillet O'Fish (to be attracted to someone) | Feel (to sympathize) | English |
Kape / Capuccino / Coffeemate (to be realistic) | 'Wake up and smell the coffee.' (a Philippine English humorous corruption of 'Wake up and smell the roses') | Philippine English |
Thundercats (old, particularly old gay men) | Gurang (old) | Hiligaynon |
Chiminey Cricket (housemaid) | Deliberate corruption of Jiminy Cricket, Chimay (Tagalog slang for housemaid) | Tagalog |
Nota (penis) | Description as music note. | Tagalog |
Pocahontas (prostitute) | Pokpok (slang for 'prostitute) | Tagalog |
Pagoda Cold Wave Lotion (tired, exhausted) | A locally available brand of lotion, Pagod (tired, exhausted) | Tagalog |
Mudra (mother, also used to refer to female friends with children) | Madre (mother) | Spanish |
Hammer (prostitute) | Pokpok (slang for 'prostitute), Pokpok (onomatopoeic Tagalog word 'to pound', 'to hammer') | Tagalog, English |
Biyuti/Beyooti (beautiful, pretty) | Beauty, word play of Cebuano Bayot ('gay') | English, Cebuano |
Silahis (bisexual male) | Silahis ([sun]beam, ray) | Tagalog |
Boyband (fat kid) | A pun on Baboy (Tagalog for 'pig') | Tagalog, English |
G.I. Joe (A foreign lover, particularly American) | Acronym for 'Gentleman Idiot' | English |
Opposition Party (A social occasion with a lot of expected problems) | Pun on Opposition (politics) | English |
- References to popular culture, usually celebrities or TV shows. They can be selected to replace a word in reference to the things they were famous for, simply because parts of the words rhyme, or both.
Swardspeak | Original Word/Concept | Derived From |
---|---|---|
Julie Andrew (to be caught [cheating]) | Huli (Tagalog 'to be caught') | 'Julie' rhymes with 'Huli' and Julie Andrew is an American actress. |
Gelli de Belen (jealous) | Jealous | Gelli de Belen |
Tommy Lee Jones / Tom Jones (hungry) | Tom-guts (Tagalog syllable switching slang for 'gutom', hungry) | Tommy Lee Jones, Tom Jones |
X-Men (formerly appearing to be heterosexual, coming out, especially from being hypermasculine to effeminate) | 'Ex-man' | X-Men |
Fayatollah Kumenis (thin) | Payat (Tagalog 'thin') | Ayatollah Khomeini |
Barbra Streisand (to be rejected bluntly, blocked) | Bara (Tagalog 'to block') | Barbra Streisand |
Murriah Carrey (cheap) | Mura (Tagalog 'cheap') | Mariah Carey |
Lupita Kashiwahara (cruel) | Lupit (Tagalog 'cruel') | Lupita Aquino-Kashiwahara (A Filipina Movie and TV director) |
Carmi Martin (karma) | Karma | Carmi Martin |
Rita Gomez (irritating, annoying) | Nakaka-irita (Tagalog 'irritating') | Rita Gomez |
Mahalia Jackson (expensive) | Mahal (Tagalog 'expensive', 'precious', 'dear') | Mahalia Jackson |
Anaconda (traitor, to betray) | Ahas (Tagalog slang, 'to betray', literally 'snake') | Anaconda (film) |
Badinger Z (homosexual) | Bading (Tagalog derogatory slang 'homosexual') | Mazinger Z |
Taxina Hong Kingston ([to wait for a] taxicab) | Taxi | Maxine Hong Kingston |
Noël Coward (No) | No | Noël Coward |
Oprah Winfrey (promise) | Promise | Oprah Winfrey |
Sharon Cuneta (Yes, Sure) | Sure | Sharon Cuneta |
Jesus Christ Superstar/Optimus Prime (Fashion make-over, to change into [more fashionable] clothing) | Resurrection, Transformation | Jesus Christ Superstar, Optimus Prime |
- Borrowed words from other languages, particularly long disused Spanish words in the Philippines (which has feminine forms of words preferred in Swardspeak that is absent in most Filipino languages), English, and Japanese.[14]
Swardspeak | Definition | Origin |
---|---|---|
Drama | Melodrama, exaggeration, drama [queen] | English |
Carry/Keri | To carry [oneself well] | English |
Siete Pecados | Nosy, Gossipmonger | Spanish 'seven sins' |
Puñeta | General profanity, roughly equivalent to 'fuck' | Spanish slang, with varying degrees of perceived obscenity. Literally translates as 'in a fist' |
Chiquito | Small | Spanish 'small' |
Coño | High society, especially [affluent] socialites who speak Taglish exclusively | Spanish slang 'vagina' |
Otoko | Manly man | Japanese 男 (otoko) |
Berru | Beer | Japanese ビール (bīru) |
Watashi | Me, I | Japanese 私 (watashi) |
Examples
- Translation of the traditional Filipino nursery rhyme 'Ako ay may lobo' (I have a balloon) into Swardspeak.[15]
Original Version | Translation into Swardspeak | Approximate English Translation |
---|---|---|
Ako ay may lobo Lumipad sa langit |
Aketch ai may lobing Flylalou sa heaven |
I had a balloon It flew up in the sky |
- Translation of the traditional Filipino nursery rhyme 'Bahay Kubo' (Nipa hut) into Swardspeak.
Original Version | Translation into Swardspeak | Approximate English Translation[16] |
---|---|---|
Bahay kubo, kahit munti Ang halaman duon, |
Valer kuberch, kahit jutey Ang julamantrax denchi, |
Nipa hut, even though it is small The plants it houses |
See also
- Bahasa Binan, a similar dialect in Indonesia
- Gayle language, an Afrikaans-based gay argot
- IsiNgqumo, a South African gay argot based on the Bantu languages
- Lavender linguistics
- LGBT culture in the Philippines
- LGBT slang
- Manila Sound, a musical genre from the Philippines often characterized by the use of swardspeak
- Polari, cant slang used in Britain
References
- ↑ Empress Maruja (27 July 2007). "Deciphering Filipino Gay Lingo". United SEA. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Jessica Salao (30 April 2010). "Gayspeak: Not for gays only". http://www.thepoc.net. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ "swardspeak". http://www.doubletongued.org. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Cynthia Grace B. Suguitan. "A SEMANTIC LOOK AT FEMININE SEX AND GENDER TERMS IN PHILIPPINE GAY LINGO". University of the Philippines. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ↑ Sharlyne Ang (July 7, 2010). "Ang Bekimon (Baklang Jejemon)". http://pinoylgbt.com. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Jessica Salao (30 April 2010). "Gayspeak: Not for gays only". http://www.thepoc.net. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Reinerio A. Alba (June 5, 2006). "The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)". http://www.ncca.gov.ph/. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ↑ "GAY SPEAKS on "SWARDSPEAK"". http://badinggerzie.blogspot.com. May 13, 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ↑ Norberto V. Casabal (August 2008). "GAY LANGUAGE: DEFYING THE STRUCTURAL LIMITS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES". Kritika Kultura, Issue 11. Kritika Kultura. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ↑ Danton Remoto (2008-05-05). "On Philippine gay lingo". http://www.abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ↑ "Gay Lingo (Made in the Philippines)". http://www.doubletongued.org. November 16, 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Empress Maruja (27 July 2007). "Deciphering Filipino Gay Lingo". United SEA. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Reinerio A. Alba (June 5, 2006). "The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)". http://www.ncca.gov.ph/. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ↑ "Gay Lingo Collections". July 5, 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ↑ Norberto V. Casabal (August 2008). "GAY LANGUAGE: DEFYING THE STRUCTURAL LIMITS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES". Kritika Kultura, Issue 11. Kritika Kultura. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ↑ Lisa Yannucci. "Philippines Children's Songs and Nursery Rhymes". http://www.mamalisa.com/. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
Bibliography
- DV Hart, H Hart. Visayan Swardspeak: The language of a gay community in the Philippines - Crossroads, 1990
- Manalansan, Martin F. IV. “’Performing’ the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context.” Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. Ed. William L Leap. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
- Manalansan, Martin F. IV. “Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora”, Duke University Press Books, November 19, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8223-3217-6
External links
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