Dayananda Saraswati

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This article is about the founder of the Arya Samaj. For other uses, see Swami Dayananda (disambiguation).
Dayananda Saraswati
Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Born Mul Shankar Tiwari or Mulshankar Karasandas Tiwari /Shuddha Chaitanya as Brahmachari
(1824-02-12)12 February 1824
Tankara, Gujarat
Died 30 October 1883(1883-10-30) (aged 59)
Ajmer, Rajasthan
Nationality Indian
Titles/honours Sindhi Marhu
Guru Swami Virajananda Dandi
Philosophy Traitvad vedic philosophy based on Samhita of four Vedas and its theory derived on Nighantu and Nirukta with six Darshanas supported by Paniniya Vyakaran.
Literary works Satyarth Prakash (1875)
Quotation "Om vishwani dev savitar duritani parasuv yad bhadram tanna aasuva."
Part of a series on
Hindu philosophy

Dayanand Saraswati  pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती, Gujarati: મહષિૅ દયાનંદ સરસ્વતી Maharshi Dayānand Sarasvatī) (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883)[1] was an important Hindu religious leader of his time. He is well known as the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He was a profound scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for Swarajya as "India for Indians" – in 1876, later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.[2][3] Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan, called him one of the "makers of Modern India," as did Sri Aurobindo.[4][5][6]

Those who were influenced by and followed Dayananda included Madam Cama, Pandit Guru Dutt Vidyarthi,[7] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Madan Lal Dhingra, Ram Prasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Mahadev Govind Ranade[8] Swami Shraddhanand, Mahatma Hansraj, Lala Lajpat Rai[9][10] and others. One of his most influential works is the book Satyarth Prakash, which contributed to the Indian independence movement. He was a sanyasi (ascetic) from boyhood, and a scholar, who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.

Maharshi Dayananda advocated the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya (celibacy) and devotion to God. The Theosophical Society and the Arya Samaj were united from 1878 to 1882, becoming the Theosophical Society of the Arya Samaj.[11] Among Maharshi Dayananda's contributions are his promoting of the equal rights for women, such as the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures, and his intuitive commentary on the Vedas from Vedic Sanskrit in Sanskrit as well as Hindi so that the common man might be able to read them. Dayanand was the first to give the word of Swadeshi long before Mahatma Gandhi.[12]

Early life

Dayanand Saraswati was born on 12, February, 1824 in Tankara, near Morbi in the Kathiawad region (now Rajkot district of Gujarat). His original name was Mool Shankar. His father's name was Karshanji Lalji Tiwari and mother's name was Yashodabai. Theirs was a Brahmin family. A tax collector, his father was a rich, prosperous and influential person. He was the head of an eminent Brahmin family of the village. When Mool Shankar was eight years old, Yajnopavita Sanskara, or the investiture with thread of the "twice-born" were performed. His father was a follower of Shiva and taught Dayanand Saraswati the ways to impress the Lord. Dayanand was also told the importance of keeping fasts. On the occasion of Shivratri, Dayanand had to sit awake the whole night in obedience to Lord Shiva. One such night, he saw a mouse eating the offerings to the God and running over the idol's body. After seeing this, he questioned himself, if the God could not defend himself against a little mouse then how could he be the savior of the massive world.

Since he was born under Mul Nakshatra, he was named "Moolshankar", and led a comfortable early life, studying Sanskrit, the Vedas and other religious texts to prepare himself for a future as a Hindu priest.[13][14]

The deaths of his younger sister and his uncle from cholera caused Dayananda to ponder the meaning of life and death and he started asking questions which worried his parents. He was to be married in his early teens, as was common in nineteenth-century India, but he decided marriage was not for him and in 1846 ran away from home.[15][16]

Dayananda Sarasvati spent nearly twenty-five years, from 1845 to 1869, as a wandering ascetic, searching for religious truth. An ascetic is someone who gives up material goods and lives a life of self-denial, devoted to spiritual matters. He lived in jungles, in retreats in the Himalayan Mountains, and at a number of pilgrimage sites in northern India. During these years Dayananda Sarasvati practiced various forms of yoga. He became a disciple, or follower, of a well-known religious teacher, Virajanand Dandeesha (sometimes spelled Birajananda). Virajanand believed that Hinduism had strayed from its historical roots and that many of its practices had become impure. Dayananda Sarasvati promised Virajanand that he would devote his life to restoring the rightful place of the Vedas in the Hindu faith.[17]

Dayanand's mission

Aum or Om is considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God.

Dayanand's mission was not to start or set up any new religion but to ask humankind for Universal Brotherhood through nobility as spelt out in Vedas. For that mission he founded Arya Samaj enunciating the Ten Universal Principles as a code for Universalism Krinvanto Vishwaryam meaning the whole world be an abode for Nobles (Aryas). His next step was to take up the difficult task of reforming Hinduism with dedication despite multiple repeated attempts on his personal life. He traveled the country challenging religious scholars and priests to discussions and won repeatedly on the strength of his arguments based on his knowledge of Sanskrit and Vedas.[18] He believed that Hinduism had been corrupted by divergence from the founding principles of the Vedas and that Hindus had been misled by the priesthood for the priests' self-aggrandizement. Hindu priests discouraged the laity from reading Vedic scriptures and encouraged rituals, such as bathing in the Ganges River and feeding of priests on anniversaries, which Dayananda pronounced as superstitions or self-serving practices. By exhorting the nation to reject such superstitious notions, his aim was to educate the nation to Go back to the Vedas. He wanted the people who followed Hinduism to go back to its roots and to follow the Vedic life, which he pointed out. He exhorted the Hindu nation to accept social reforms, including the importance of Cows for national prosperity as well as the adoption of Hindi as the national language for national integration. Through his daily life and practice of yoga and asanas, teachings, preaching, sermons and writings, he inspired the Hindu nation to aspire to Swarajya (self governance), nationalism, and spiritualism. He advocated the equal rights and respects to women and advocated the education of a girl child like the males.

Swami Dayanand did logical, scientific and critical analyses of faiths i.e. Christianity & Islam as well as of other Indian faiths like Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. In addition to discouraging idolatry in Hinduism, as may be seen in his book Satyarth Prakash.[19] He was against what he considered to be the corruption of the true and pure faith in his own country. Unlike many other reform movements of his times within Hinduism, the Arya Samaj's appeal was addressed not only to the educated few in India, but to the world as a whole as evidenced in the sixth principle of the Arya Samaj. In fact his teachings professed universalism for the all living beings and not for any particular sect, faith, community or nation.

Arya Samaj allows and encourages converts to Hinduism. Dayananda’s concept of dharma is stated in the "Beliefs and Disbeliefs" section of Satyartha Prakash. He said:

"I accept as Dharma whatever is in full conformity with impartial justice, truthfulness and the like; that which is not opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the Vedas. Whatever is not free from partiality and is unjust, partaking of untruth and the like, and opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the Vedas—that I hold as adharma."

"He, who after careful thinking, is ever ready to accept truth and reject falsehood; who counts the happiness of others as he does that of his own self, him I call just."

— Satyarth Prakash

Dayananda's Vedic message was to emphasize respect and reverence for other human beings, supported by the Vedic notion of the divine nature of the individual–divine because the body was the temple where the human essence (soul or "atma") had the possibility to interface with the creator ("Paramatma"). In the ten principles of the Arya Samaj, he enshrined the idea that "All actions should be performed with the prime objective of benefiting mankind", as opposed to following dogmatic rituals or revering idols and symbols. The first five principles speak of Truth and the other five of a society with nobility, civics, co-living and disciplined life. In his own life, he interpreted moksha to be a lower calling (due to its benefit to one individual) than the calling to emancipate others.

Dayananda's "back to the Vedas" message influenced many thinkers and philosophers the world over.[20]

Activities

Dayanand is noted to have been active since he was 14, by this time he would was able to recite religious verses and teach about them. He is highly applauded for taking parts in religious debates. His debates were attended by relatively high amount of public.

One of the remarkable debate occurred on 22 October 1869 in Varanasi, where he had won a debate against 27 scholars and about 12 expert pandits. The debate was attended by over 50,000 people. The main topic was "Do the Vedas uphold diety worship?"[21][22]

Arya Samaj

Main article: Arya Samaj

Swami Dayananda's creations, the Arya Samaj, unequivocally condemns practices of different religions and communities that are noted to be prevalent, such as idol worship, animal sacrifice, ancestor worship, pilgrimages, priest craft, offerings made in temples, the castes, child marriages, meat eating and discrimination against women on the grounds that all these lacked original Hinduism. The Arya Samaj discourages dogma and symbolism and encourages skepticism in beliefs that run contrary to common sense and logic. To many people, the Arya Samaj aims to be a "universal society" based on the authority of the Vedas. However, in popular culture, it is considered a short cut way of getting married for runaway lovers. Marriage certificate issued by Arya samaj is valid for 60 days after which it needs to be ratified by the concerned Registrar of marriages which, in turn, issues the formal certificate of marriage.[23]

However, Swami Dayananand showed extreme rationalism and paradoxically made many assumptions while interpreting the Veda. He also partially accepted the authority of the Shastras and the commentaries of Sayana.

The Shastras, much like the Vedas according to the Sanatana dharma, are correct because of the yogaja pramana of the rishis. The gods cannot either be discovered by the senses or by reason.

Views and Studies

Dayanand Saraswati is noted to have thoroughly studied about religions other than Hinduism, such as Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism, and others. He has described these religions in the chapters of his book Satyarth Prakash. However his analysis seemed critical to some, in its nature, while to some he presented perfect understanding.[24]

Islam

Main article: Criticism of Islam

He viewed Islam to be waging wars and immorality. He doubted if Islam has to do anything with the God, as he questioned that why a God would be hating every non-believer, allowing slaughter of animals, non-merciful and command Muhammad to slaughter innocent people, animals.[25]

He further described Muhammad as "imposter", and one who held out "a bait to men and women, in the name of God, to compass his own selfish needs." He regarded Quran as "Not the Word of God. It is a human work. Hence it cannot be believed in."[26]

Christianity

Main article: Criticism of Christianity

He described Christianity as "Barbarous religion, and a 'false religion' religion believed only by fools and by the people in a state of barbarism."[27] His analysis of bible is based on the comparison with on scientific evidences, morality, and other properties. He included that Bible contains many stories and precepts that are immoral, praising cruelty, deceit and encouraging sin.[28]

He opposed the Perpetual virginity of Mary, he added that such doctrines are simply against the nature of law, and that God will never break his own law because God is Omniscient and infallible.

He regarded Jesus as one "great thing in a country of uneducated savages", he wrote;-

All Christian missionaries say that Jesus was a very calm and peace loving person. But in reality he was a hot-tempered persons destitute of knowledge and who behaved like a wild savage. This shows that Jesus was neither the son of God, nor had he any miraculous powers. He did not possess the power to forgive sins. The righteous people do not stand in need of any mediator like Jesus. Jesus came to spread discord which is going on everywhere in the world. Therefore, it is evident that the hoax of Christ’s being the Son of God, the knower of the past and the future, the forgiver of sin, has been set up falsely by his disciples. In reality, he was a very ordinary ignorant man, neither learned nor a yogi.[29]

He asserted that Jesus wasn't a enlightened man either. Dayanand further questions that if Jesus was a son of God, God would have saved him at the time of his death, and he wouldn't had suffered from mental severe physical pain at last moments.

He noted that Bible writes that women held the feet of Jesus and worshiped him, he questions:-

Was it the same body which had been buried? Now that body had been buried for three days, we should like to know why did it not decompose?

Sikhism

Main article: Criticism of Sikhism

He regarded Guru Nanak as "rogue",[30] who was quiet ignorant about Vedas, Sanskrit, Shashtra, and otherwise Nanak wouldn't be mistaking with words.

He further pointed that followers of Sikhism are to be blamed for making up stories that Nanak possessed miraculous powers, met Gods. He slammed Guru Gobind Singh, and other Gurus to have been "invented fictitious stories", although he also recognized Gobind Singh to be "indeed a very brave man."[31]

Jainism

Main article: Criticism of Jainism

He regarded Jainism as "the most dreadful religion", he writes that Jains were intolerant and hostile towards the non-Jains.[32]

Buddhism

Main article: Criticism of Buddhism

Dayanand described Buddhism as "anti-vedic" and "atheistic."[33] He noted that the type of "salvation" Buddhism prescribes to, is attainable even to dogs and donkeys. He further criticized the Cosmogony of Buddhism, that earth was not created.

Assassination attempts

Dayananda was subjected to many unsuccessful attempts on his life.[21]

He was poisoned on few occasions, but due to his regular practice of Hatha Yoga he would succeed to throw out the poison. One story tells that he was once attacked by some proponents of different religion, and tried to drown him to river. Although Dayanand would drag these attackers into river instead and release when they would be near to fully drowned.[34]

Death

In 1883 Dayananda was invited by the Maharaja of Jodhpur to stay at his palace. The Maharaja was eager to become his disciple and learn his teachings. One day Dayananda went to the Maharaja's rest room and saw him with a dance girl named Nanhi Jan. Dayananda boldly asked the Maharaja to forsake the girl and all unethical acts and follow dharma like a true Aryan. Dayananda's suggestion offended the dance girl and she decided to take revenge.[1] She bribed Dayananda's cook to poison him. Dayananda was poisoned on 29 September 1883, when he was the royal guest of Jaswant Singh II by Dayananda's own cook, who was bribed by the court dancer.[35] At bedtime, the cook brought him a glass of milk containing poison and powdered glass. Dayananda drank the milk and went to sleep only to wake up later with a burning sensation. He immediately realized that he had been poisoned and attempted to purge his digestive system of the poisonous substance, but it was too late. The poison had already entered his bloodstream. Dayananda was bedridden and suffered excruciating pain. Maharaja was quick to arrange services of doctors. Many doctors came to treat him but all was in vain. His body was covered all over with large bleeding sores. On seeing Dayananda's suffering the cook was overcome with unbearable guilt and remorse. He confessed his crime to Dayananda. On his deathbed, Dayananda forgave him and gave him a bag of money and told him to flee the kingdom lest he be found out and executed by the Maharaja's men.[1] Later Maharaja arranged for Swamiji to be sent to Mount Abu upon advice of Residency, however, after staying some time in Abu, Swamji was sent to Ajmer for better medical care on 26 October 1883.[35] There was no improvement in his health and he died on the morning of 30 October 1883 at 6:00 am, chanting mantras. The day coincided with Hindu festival of Diwali[35]

"A man of spirit has passed away from India. Pandit Dayananda Saraswati is gone, the irrepressible, energetic reformer, whose mighty voice and passionate eloquence for the last few years raised thousands of people in India from, lethargic, indifference and stupor into active patriotism is no more." – Col Henry Steel Olcott.[36]
"Swami Dayananda Saraswati is certainly one of the most powerful personalities who has shaped modern India and is responsible for its moral regeneration and religious revival." – Subhas Chandra Bose.[37]

Works

Dayananda Saraswati wrote more than 60 works in all, including a 16 volume explanation of the six Vedangas, an incomplete commentary on the Ashtadhyayi (Panini's grammar), several small tracts on ethics and morality, Vedic rituals and sacraments and on analysis of rival doctrines (such as Advaita Vedanta, Islam and Christianity). Some of his major works are Satyarth Prakash, Sanskarvidhi, RigvedadiBhashyaBhumika, Rigved Bhashyam (up to 7/61/2)and Yajurved Bhashyam. The Paropakarini Sabha located in the Indian city of Ajmer was founded by the Swami himself to publish and preach his works and Vedic texts.

Complete list of his works

  1. Sandhya (Unavailable) (1863)
  2. Bhagwat Khandnam OR Paakhand Khandan OR Vaishnavmat Khandan (1866)[38]
  3. Advaitmat Khandan (Unavailable) (1870)
  4. Panchmahayajya Vidhi (1874 & 1877)
  5. Satyarth Prakash (1875 & 1884)
  6. VedantiDhwant Nivaran (1875)
  7. Vedviruddh mat Khandan OR Vallabhacharya mat Khandan (1875)
  8. ShikshaPatri Dhwant Nivaran OR SwamiNarayan mat Khandan (1875)
  9. VedBhashyam Namune ka PRATHAM Ank (1875)
  10. VedBhashyam Namune ka DWITIYA Ank (1876)
  11. Aryabhivinaya (Incomplete) (1876)
  12. Sanskarvidhi (1877 & 1884)
  13. AaryoddeshyaRatnaMaala (1877)
  14. RigvedAadibBhasyaBhumika (1878)
  15. Rigved Bhashyam (7/61/1,2 only) (Incomplete) (1877 to 1899)
  16. Yajurved Bhashyam (Complete) (1878 to 1889)
  17. Asthadhyayi Bhashya (2 Parts) (Incomplete) (1878 to 1879)
  1. Vedang Prakash (Set of 16 Books)
    1. Varnoccharan Shiksha (1879)
    2. Sanskrit Vakyaprabodhini (1879)
    3. VyavaharBhanu (1879)
    4. Sandhi Vishay
    5. Naamik
    6. Kaarak
    7. Saamaasik
    8. Taddhit
    9. Avyayaarth
    10. Aakhyatik
    11. Sauvar
    12. PaariBhaasik
    13. Dhatupath
    14. Ganpaath
    15. Unaadikosh
    16. Nighantu
  1. Gautam Ahilya ki katha (Unavailable) (1879)
  2. Bhrantinivaran (1880)
  3. Bhrmocchedan (1880)
  4. AnuBhrmocchedan (1880)
  5. GokarunaNidhi (1880)
  6. Chaturved Vishay Suchi (1971)
  7. Gadarbh Taapni Upnishad (As per Babu Devendranath Mukhopadhyay) (Unavailable)
  8. Hugli Shastrarth tatha Pratima Pujan Vichar (1873)
  9. Jaalandhar Shastrarth (1877)
  10. Satyasatya Vivek (Bareily Shastrarth) (1879)
  11. Satyadharm Vichar (Mela Chandapur) (1880)
  12. Kashi Shastrarth (1880) Note:- For other miscellaneous Shastrarth please read 1.Dayanand Shastrarth Sangrah published by Arsh Sahitya Prachar Trust, Delhi and 2. Rishi Dayanand ke Shastrarth evam Pravachan published by Ramlal Kapoor Trust Sonipat (Haryana).
  13. Arya Samaj ke Niyam aur Upniyam (30-11-1874)
  14. Updesh Manjari (Puna Pravachan) (04-07-1875) (Please see point 2 of note for some more Pravachan)
  15. Swami Dayanand dwara swakathit Janm Charitra (During Puna pravachan) (04-08-1875)
  16. Swami Dayanand dwara swakathit Janm Charitra (For The Theosophist Society's monthly Journal: Nov & Dec 1880)
  17. Swikar Patra (27-02-1883)
  18. Rishi Dayanand ke Patra aur Vigyapan

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dr.Krant'M.L.Verma Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas (Volume-2) Page-347
  2. ↑ Aurobindo Ghosh, Bankim Tilak Dayanand (Calcutta 1947 p1)"Lokmanya Tilak also said that Sindhi Marhu Dayanand was the first who proclaimed Swarajya for Bharatpita i.e.India."
  3. ↑ Dayanand Saraswati Commentary on Yajurved (Lazarus Press Banaras 1876)
  4. ↑ Living with a Purpose. Orient Paperbacks. 2005. p. 34. ISBN 81-222-0031-1. 
  5. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2003). "5. Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Life and Works". Essays on modern Indian Abuse. Discovery Publishing House. p. 62. ISBN 81-7141-690-X. 
  6. ↑ Salmond, Noel Anthony (2004). "3. Dayananda Saraswati". Hindu iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and nineteenth-century polemics against idolatry. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-88920-419-5. 
  7. ↑ "Gurudatta Vidyarthi". Aryasamaj. Retrieved 2012-12-19. 
  8. ↑ "Mahadev Govind Ranade: Emancipation of women". Isrj.net. 17 May 1996. Retrieved 2012-09-17. 
  9. ↑ Lala Lajpat Rai Biography - Lala Lajpat Rai Life & Profile
  10. ↑ Lala Lajpat Rai (Indian writer, politician and Escort) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  11. ↑ Johnson, K. Paul (1994). The masters revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the myth of the Great White Lodge. SUNY Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-7914-2063-9. 
  12. ↑ http://www.samarthbharat.com/files/indianpolitics.pdf
  13. ↑ Sinhal, Meenu (2009). Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 3. ISBN 81-8430-017-4. 
  14. ↑ Garg, Ganga Ram (1986). "1. Life and Teachings". World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Concept Publishing Company. p. 4. 
  15. ↑ Dayanand Saraswati - Swami Dayanand Saraswati Biography - Dayanand Sarasvati Life History
  16. ↑ Swami Dayanand Saraswati Biography - Swami Dayanand Saraswati Life & Profile
  17. ↑ "Sarasvati, Dayananda - World Religions Reference Library". World Religions Reference Library  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . 1 January 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2012. 
  18. ↑ Swami Dayananda Sarasvati by V. Sundaram
  19. ↑ Light of Truth
  20. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", p. 38, by P. L. John Panicker
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers", by Clifford Sawhney, p. 123
  22. ↑ "Swami Dayanand Saraswati", by Meenu Sinhal, p. 17
  23. ↑ Hastings, James; John A. Selbie (Ed.) (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 3. Kessinger Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 0-7661-3671-X. 
  24. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", p.30-40
  25. ↑ Title = "Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 19, Issue 1", publisher = ICPR, year = 2002, page = 73
  26. ↑ Saraswati, Dayanand (1875). "An Examination Of The Doctrine Of Islam". Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth). Varanasi, India: Star Press. pp. 672–683. Retrieved April 2, 2012. 
  27. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", by P. L. John Panicker, p.39, year = 2006
  28. ↑ "Dayānanda Sarasvatī, his life and ideas", p. 267, by J. T. F. Jordens
  29. ↑ "Hindu Nationalists of Modern India" by Jose Kuruvachira, p. 20
  30. ↑ "Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab ..., Volume 1", p. 15, by Ram Narayan Kumar
  31. ↑ "God save India", p. 9, by V. S. Godbole
  32. ↑ Panicker, P. L. John (2006). Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism. ISPCK. p. 39. 
  33. ↑ "Hindu Nationalists of Modern India", page. 14
  34. ↑ "Remembering Our Leaders: Dayanand Saraswati" by A.K. Srikumar", p. 60
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati By Gaṅgā Rām Garg :pp 96-98
  36. ↑ Indian Political Tradition: Pg 118
  37. ↑ Mohanty, D.K. Indian Political Tradition. Anmol Publishers. ISBN 81-7488-791-1. : Pg 118
  38. ↑ https://archive.org/details/BhagwatKhandan-SwamiDayanandSaraswati

Further reading

  • Dayananda Saraswati, Founder of Arya Samaj, by Arjan Singh Bawa. Published by Ess Ess Publications, 1979 (1st edition:1901).
  • Swami Dayanand Saraswati, by Dhanpati Pandey. Published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1985.
  • World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Ganga Ram Garg. Concept Publishing Company. 1986.
  • Indian Political Tradition, by D.K Mohanty. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-261-2033-9. Chapter 4: Dayananda Saraswati Page 92.
  • Rashtra Pitamah Swami Dayanand Saraswati by Rajender Sethi (M R Sethi Educational Trust Chandigarh 2006)
  • Aurobindo Ghosh, in Bankim Tilak Dayanand (Calcutta 1947 p 1, 39)
  • Arya Samaj And The Freedom Movement by K C Yadav & K S Arya -Manohar Publications Delhi 1988
  • The Prophets of the New India, Romain Roland p. 97 (Kessinger Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1425484840)

Footnotes

  • Prem Lata, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1990)
  • Autobiography of Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1976)
  • M. Ruthven, Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-921270-5.
  • N. A. Salmond, Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and nineteenth-century polemics against Idolatry (2004)

External links

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