Supertaster

A supertaster is a person who experiences the sense of taste with far greater intensity than average. Some 35% of women and 15% of men are supertasters.^[1] Supertasters are more likely to be of Asian, African, and South American descent.^[2] The cause of this heightened response is unknown, although it is thought to be related to the presence of the TAS2R38 gene, the ability to taste PROP and PTC, and at least in part, due to an increased number of fungiform papillae.^[3] Any evolutionary advantage to supertasting is unclear. In some environments, heightened taste response, particularly to bitterness, would represent an important advantage in avoiding potentially toxic plant alkaloids. In other environments, increased response to bitterness may have limited the range of palatable foods. It may be a cause of picky eating, but picky eaters are not necessarily supertasters, and vice versa.

The term originates with experimental psychologist Linda Bartoshuk who has spent much of her career studying genetic variation in taste perception. In the early 1990s, Bartoshuk and her colleagues noticed some individuals tested in the laboratory seemed to have an elevated taste response and took to calling them supertasters.^[4] This increased taste response is not the result of response bias or a scaling artifact, but appears to have an anatomical/biological basis.

History

In 1931, Arthur L. Fox, a DuPont chemist, discovered that some individuals found phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) to be bitter while others found it tasteless.^[5][6] At the 1931 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fox collaborated with Albert F. Blakeslee (a geneticist) to have attendees taste PTC: 65% found it bitter, 28% found it tasteless and 6% described other taste qualities. Subsequent work revealed that the ability to taste PTC was genetic in nature. In the 1960s, Roland Fischer was the first to link the ability to taste PTC, and the related compound propylthiouracil (PROP), to food preference and body type. Today, PROP has replaced PTC in taste research due to a faint sulfurous odor and safety concerns with PTC.^[7] As described above, Bartoshuk and colleagues discovered that the taster group could be further divided into medium and supertasters. Most estimates suggest 25% of the population are nontasters, 50% are medium tasters, and 25% are supertasters.^[8]

The bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38 has been associated with the ability to taste PROP^[9] and PTC;^[10] however, it cannot completely explain the supertasting phenomenon.^[11] Still, the T2R38 genotype has been linked to a preference for sweetness in children,^[12] avoidance of alcohol,^[9][9] increased prevalence of colon cancer (via inadequate vegetable consumption)^[13] and avoidance of cigarette smoking.^[14]

Identifying a supertaster

Tongue's fungiform papillae revealed with blue food dye.

Supertasters were initially identified on the basis of the perceived intensity of propylthiouracil (PROP) compared to a reference salt solution. However, because supertasters have a larger sense of taste than medium or nontasters, this can cause scaling artifacts.^[6] Subsequently, salt has been replaced with a non-oral auditory standard. That is, if two individuals rate the same physical stimulus at a comparable perceptual intensity, but one gives a rating twice as large for the bitterness of a PROP solution, the experimenter can be confident the difference is real and not merely the result of how the person is using the scale.^{[citation needed]}

Many studies do not include a cross-modal reference and simply categorize individuals on the basis of the bitterness of a concentrated PROP solution^[15][16] or PROP impregnated paper.^[17] It is also possible to make a reasonably accurate self-diagnosis at home by careful examination of the tongue and looking for the number of fungiform papillae.^{[citation needed]} Blue food dye can make this easier. Being a supertaster or nontaster represents normal variation in the human population like eye or hair color, so no treatment is needed.

Specific food sensitivities

Although individual food preference for supertasters cannot be typified, documented examples for either lessened preference or consumption include:

• Certain alcoholic beverages^[16]
• Brassica oleracea cultivars
  • Brussels sprouts^[18][19][20]
  • Cabbage^[18]
  • Kale^[20]
• Coffee^[18]
• Grapefruit juice^[19]
• Green tea^[19]
• Soy products^[19]
• Carbonation in drinks such as in soda, beer, etc.^[21]

Other foods may also show altered patterns of preference and consumption, but only indirect evidence exists:

• Tonic water – Quinine is more bitter to supertasters^{[citation needed]}
• Olives – for a given concentration, salt is more intense in supertasters^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Somatosensory amplification
• Tetrachromacy
• Hypergeusia

References

External links

• Reed, Danielle R.; Tanaka, Toshiko; McDaniel, Amanda H. (2006). "Diverse tastes: Genetics of sweet and bitter perception". Physiology & Behavior 88 (3): 215–26. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.033. PMC 1698869. PMID 16782140. 
• BBC Supertaster Test
• Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 171200 (thiourea testing)
• How we taste – and the truth about 'supertasters'. An interview with sensory scientist Juyun Lim of Oregon State University and winemaker John Eliassen (March 29, 2011)