List of Indian monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Outline of South Asian history
History of Indian subcontinent

The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents.[1]

Early mythical and later documented rulers and dynasties who are deemed to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent are included in this list.

Magadha dynasties (c. 1700 BC – 550 AD)[1]

Brihadratha Dynasty (c. 1700–799 BC)

  • Trigarta Dynasty
  • Susharma Chand
  • Porus
  • Brihadratha
  • Jarasandha
  • Sahadeva
  • Somapi (1678–1618 BC)
  • Srutasravas (1618–1551 BC)
  • Ayutayus (1551–1515 BC)
  • Niramitra (1515–1415 BC)
  • Sukshatra (1415–1407 BC)
  • Brihatkarman (1407–1384 BC)
  • Senajit (1384–1361 BC)
  • Srutanjaya (1361–1321 BC)
  • Vipra (1321–1296 BC)
  • Suchi (1296–1238 BC)
  • Kshemya (1238–1210 BC)
  • Subrata (1210–1150 BC)
  • Dharma (1150–1145 BC)
  • Susuma (1145–1107 BC)
  • Dridhasena (1107–1059 BC)
  • Sumati (1059–1026 BC)
  • Subhala (1026–1004 BC)
  • Sunita (1004–964 BC)
  • Satyajit (964–884 BC)
  • Biswajit (884–849 BC)
  • Ripunjaya (849–799 BC)

Trigarta (Trigart Raje) Dynasty (? BC–present)

  • Katoch Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Jaswal Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Guleria Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Sibaia Clan Kings & Emperors
  • Dadwal Clan rulers

Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)

  • Pradyota
  • Palaka
  • Visakhayupa
  • Ajaka
  • Varttivarddhana

Haryanka dynasty/Shishunaga dynasty (684–424 BC)

  • Bimbisara (544–491 BC), founder of the first Magadhan empire
  • Ajatashatru (491–461 BC)
  • Udayin
  • Anirudha
  • Mund
  • Darshaka (from 461 BC)
  • Nagdashak (last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty)
  • Shishunaga (412–344 BC), established the Magadha Kingdom
  • Kakavarna
  • Kshemadharman
  • Kshatraujas
  • Nandivardhana
  • Mahanandin (until 424 BC), his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda

Nanda Dynasty (424–321 BC)

  • Mahapadma Nanda (from 424 BC), illegitimate son of Mahanandin, founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin's empire
  • Pandhukananda
  • Panghupatinanda
  • Bhutapalananda
  • Rashtrapalananada
  • Govishanakananda
  • Dashasidkhakananda
  • Kaivartananda
  • Dhananand (Agrammes, Xandrammes) (until 321 BC), lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him.
  • Karvinatha Nand (Illegitimate son of Mahapadna Nanda)

The nine kings were contemporary and brothers, called the Nava Nandas (nine Nandas), ruling at different parts of Magadh (present Bihar state of India) headed by the strongest ruler of all the then 14 Janpads (Kingdoms) of India; Dhananand.

Maurya Dynasty (324–184 BC)

  • Chandragupta Maurya (Chandragupta Maurya the Great) (Sandrakottos) (322–298 BC), founded the Mauryan Empire after defeating both the Nanda Empire and the Macedonian Seleucid Empire defeating strategically Alexander the Great, claimed descent from the Shakya dynasty, the first emperor of India who unified most of northern India.
  • Bindusara Amitraghata (298–273 BC)
  • Ashoka Vardhana (Ashoka the Great) (273–232 BC), considered the greatest ancient Indian emperor, first emperor to unify India (after conquering most of South Asia and Afghanistan), adopted Buddhism, granted animal rights and promoted non-violence
  • Dasaratha (232–224 BC)
  • Samprati (224–215 BC)
  • Salisuka (215–202 BC)
  • Devavarman (202–195 BC)
  • Satadhanvan (195–187 BC), the Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
  • Brhadratha (187–184 BC), assassinated by Pusyamitra Shunga

Shunga Dynasty (185–73 BC)

  • Pusyamitra Shunga (185–149 BC), founded the dynasty after assassinating Brhadratha
  • Agnimitra (149–141 BC), son and successor of Pusyamitra
  • Vasujyeshtha (141–131 BC)
  • Vasumitra (131–124 BC)
  • Andhraka (124–122 BC)
  • Pulindaka (122–119 BC)
  • Ghosha
  • Vajramitra
  • Bhagabhadra (c. 110 BC), mentioned by the Puranas
  • Devabhuti (83–73 BC), the last Sunga king

Kanva Dynasty (73–26 BC)

  • Vasudeva (c. 75 – c. 66 BCE)
  • Bhumimitra (c. 66 – c. 52 BCE)
  • Narayana (c. 52 – c. 40 BCE)
  • Susarman (c. 40 – c. 26 BCE)

Western Kshatrapas (35–405 AD)

  • Nahapana (119–124 AD)
  • Castanafl (c. 120)
  • Rudradaman I (c. 130–150)
  • Damajadasri I (170–175)
  • Jivadaman (175, d. 199)
  • Rudrasimha I (175–188, d. 197)
  • Isvaradatta (188–191)
  • Rudrasimha I (restored) (191–197)
  • Jivadaman (restored) (197–199)
  • Rudrasena I (200–222)
  • Samghadaman (222–223)
  • Damasena (223–232)
  • Damajadasri II (232–239) with
  • Viradaman (234–238)
  • Yasodaman I (239)
  • Vijayasena (239–250)
  • Damajadasri III (251–255)
  • Rudrasena II (255–277)
  • Visvasimha (277–282)
  • Bhartridaman (282–295) with
  • Visvasena (293–304)
  • Rudrasimha II (304–348) with
  • Yasodaman II (317–332)
  • Rudradaman II (332–348)
  • Rudrasena III (348–380)
  • Simhasena (380–?)

Gupta Dynasty (c. 240–550 AD)

  • Sri-Gupta I (c. 240–290), founder of the Gupta Dynasty
  • Ghatotkacha (290–305)
  • Chandra Gupta I (305–335), founder of the Gupta Empire, which is often regarded as the golden age of Indian culture
  • Samudra Gupta (Samudragupta the Great) (335–370). Reputed to have never lost a battle in his whole life.
  • Rama Gupta (370–375)
  • Chandra Gupta II (Chandragupta II the Great) (Chandragupta Vikramaditya) (375–415), son of Samudra Gupta, the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith under his reign, the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien described Indian culture during his reign
  • Kumara Gupta I (415–455)
  • Skanda Gupta (455–467)
  • Kumara Gupta II (467–477)
  • Buddha Gupta (477–496)
  • Chandra Gupta III (496–500)
  • Vainya Gupta (500–515)
  • Narasimha Gupta (515–530)
  • Kumara Gupta III (530–540)
  • Vishnu Gupta (c. 540–550)

Pandya Dynasty (c. 550 BC – 1345)

Central Pandya Dynasty (c. 550 BC – 1311 AD)

  • Kadunkoen (c. 550–450 BC)
  • Pandion (c. 50 BC – 50 AD), known as Pandion to Greeks and Romans

Early Pandyas

  • Nedunj Cheliyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan )
  • Pudappandiyan
  • Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi
  • Nedunj Cheliyan II (Pasumpun Pandiyan)
  • Nan Maran
  • Nedunj Cheliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan )
  • Maran Valudi
  • Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
  • Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

First Empire

  • Kadungon (c. 600–700 AD), revived the dynasty
  • Maravarman Avani Culamani (590–620 AD)
  • Cezhiyan Cendan (620–640 AD)
  • Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (640–674 AD)
  • Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (675–730 AD)
  • Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasinga (730–765 AD)
  • Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–790 AD)
  • Rasasingan II (790–800 AD)
  • Varagunan I (800–830 AD)
  • Sirmara Srivallabha (830–862 AD)
  • Varaguna II (862–880 AD)
  • Parantaka Viranarayana (862–905 AD)
  • Rajasima Pandian II (905–920 AD)

Pandyan Revival

  • Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268), revived Pandyan glory, considered one of the greatest conquerors of Southern India
  • Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
  • Maravarman Kulasekaran I (1268–1308)
  • Sundara Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother Vira Pandya over the throne
  • Vira Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother of Sundara Pandya over the throne, Madurai was conquered by the Khilji dynasty

Pandalam Dynasty (c. 1200)

  • Raja Rajasekhara (c. 1200–1500), descendant of the Pandya Dynasty, father of Ayyappan (often regarded as a Hindu deity)

Foreign Emperors in North-Western India (c. 538 BC – 750 AD)

These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

Persian Achaemenid Dynasty (c. 538–330 BC)

Argead Dynasty (326–323 BC)

Seleucid Diadochi (323–321 BC)

Arab Umayyad Caliphate (711–750 AD)

Chera dynasty (c. 400 BC – 1314 AD)

Note that years are still highly disputed among the scholars, the given is only a version.

Ancient Chera Kings (c. 400 BC – 397 AD)

  1. Udiyancheralatan
  2. Antuvancheral
  3. Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan (56–115 AD)
  4. Cheran Chenkutuvan (from 115)
  5. Palyanai Sel-Kelu Kuttuvan (115–130)
  6. Poraiyan Kadungo (from 115)
  7. Kalankai-Kanni Narmudi Cheral (115–140)
  8. Vel-Kelu Kuttuvan (130–185)
  9. Selvak-Kadungo (131–155)
  10. Adukotpattu Cheralatan (140–178)
  11. Kuttuvan Irumporai (178–185)
  12. Tagadur Erinda Perumcheral (185–201)
  13. Yanaikat-sey Mantaran Cheral (201–241)
  14. Ilamcheral Irumporai (241–257)
  15. Perumkadungo (257–287)
  16. Ilamkadungo (287–317)
  17. Kanaikal Irumporai (367–397)

Kulashekhara Dynasty (1020–1314 AD)

  1. Kulashekhara Varman (800–820 AD), also called Kulashekhara Alwar
  2. Rajashekhara Varman (820–844 AD), also called Cheraman Perumal
  3. Sthanu ravi Varman (844–885 AD), contemporary of Aditya Chola
  4. Rama Varma Kulashekhara (885–917 AD)
  5. Goda Ravi Varma (917–944 AD)
  6. Indu Kotha Varma (944–962 AD)
  7. Bhaskara Ravi Varman I (962–1019 AD)
  8. Bhaskara Ravi Varman II (1019–1021 AD)
  9. Vira Kerala (1021–1028 AD)
  10. Rajasimha (1028–1043 AD)
  11. Bhaskara Ravi Varman III (1043–1082 AD)
  12. Rama Varman Kulashekhara (1090–1122 AD), also called Cheraman Perumal
  • Ravi Varman Kulashekhara (c. 1250–1314), last of the Cheras

Chola Dynasty (c. 301 BC – 1279 AD)

Sangam Cholas (c. 300 BC – 240 AD)

Chola Emperors (848–1279 AD)

Satavahana Dynasty (c. 230 BC – 199 AD)

  • Simuka (c. 230–207 BC)
  • Kanha (or Krishna) (207–189 BC)
  • Satakarni I
  • Hala (20–24 AD)
  • Gautamiputra Satakarni (106–130)
  • Vashishtiputra Pulumayi (130–158)
  • Vashishtiputra Satakarni (c. 158–170)
  • Sri Yajna Satakarni (c. 170–199)

Vakataka dynasty (250s–500s CE)

  • Vindhyasakti (250–270)
  • Pravarasena I (270–330)

The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch

  • Rudrasena I (330–355)
  • Prithvisena I (355–380)
  • Rudrasena II (380–385)
  • Divakarasena (385–400)
  • Prabhavatigupta (fem.), Regent (385–405)
  • Damodarasena (Pravarasena II) (400–440)
  • Narendrasena (440–460)
  • Prithvishena II (460–480)

The Vatsagulma branch

  • Sarvasena (330–355)
  • Vindhyasena (Vindhyashakti II) (355–400)
  • Pravarasena II (400–415)
  • Unknown (415–450)
  • Devasena (450–475)
  • Harishena (475–500)

Hellenistic Euthydemid Dynasty (c. 221–85 BC)

Unlike the far larger empires of Alexander the Great and his Seleukid diadoch, centered in the region

Indo-Scythian rulers (c. 90 BC – 45 AD)

North-western India (c. 90 BC – 10 AD)

Mathura area (c. 20 BC – 20 AD)

  • Hagamasha (satrap)
  • Hagana (satrap)
  • Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 AD)
  • Sodasa, son of Rajuvula

Apracharaja rulers (12 BC – 45 AD)

  • Vijayamitra (12 BC – 15 AD)
  • Itravasu (c. 20 AD)
  • Aspavarma (15–45 AD)

Minor local rulers

  • Bhadrayasha Niggas
  • Mamvadi
  • Arsakes

Indo-Parthian rulers (c. 21–100 AD)

  • Gondophares I (c. 21–50)
  • Abdagases I (c. 50–65)
  • Satavastres (c. 60)
  • Sarpedones (c. 70)
  • Orthagnes (c. 70)
  • Ubouzanes (c. 77)
  • Sases or Gondophares II (c. 85)
  • Abdagases II (c. 90)
  • Pakores (c. 100)

Kushana Dynasty (80–225)

Pallava Dynasty (275–882)

Early Pallavas (275–355)

  • Simha Varman I (275–300 or 315–345)
  • Skanda Varman I (345–355)

Middle Pallavas (355–537)

  • Visnugopa (350–355)
  • Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
  • Skanda Varman II 370–385)
  • Vira Varman (385–400)
  • Skanda Varman III (400–438)
  • Simha Varman II (438–460)
  • Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
  • Nandi Varman I (480–500)
  • Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
  • Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
  • Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
  • Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)

Later Pallavas (537–882)

Kadambas of Banavasi (345–525 AD)

  • Mayura Sharma (Varma) (345–365)
  • Kangavarma (365–390)
  • Bagitarha (390–415)
  • Raghu (415–435)
  • Kakusthavarma (435–455)
  • Santivarma (455–460)
  • Mrigeshavarma (460–480)
  • Shivamandhativarma (480–485)
  • Ravivarma (485–519)
  • Harivarma (519–525)

Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad (350–1024 AD)

  • Konganivarma Madhava (350–370)
  • Madhava II (370–390)
  • Harivarman (390–410)
  • Vishnugopa (410–430)
  • Tadangala Madhava (430–466)
  • Avinita (466–495)
  • Durvinita (495–535)
  • Mushkara (535–585)
  • Srivikrama (585–635
  • Bhuvikarma (635–679
  • Shivamara I (679–725
  • Sripurusha (725–788
  • Shivamara II (788–816
  • Rajamalla I (817–853
  • Nitimarga Ereganga (853–869
  • Rajamalla II (870–907)
  • Ereyappa Nitimarga II (907–919)
  • Narasimhadeva (919–925)
  • Rajamalla III (925–935)
  • Butuga II (935–960)
  • Takkolam in (949)
  • Maruladeva (960–963)
  • Marasimha III (963–974)
  • Rajamalla IV (974–985)
  • Rakkasa Ganga (985–1024)

Maitrakas of Vallabhi (470–776 CE)

  • Bhatarka (c. 470–c. 492)
  • Dharasena I (c. 493–c. 499)
  • Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–c. 520)
  • Dhruvasena I (c. 520–c. 550)
  • Dharapatta (c. 550–c. 556)
  • Guhasena (c. 556–c. 570)
  • Dharasena II (c. 570–c. 595)
  • Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–c. 615)
  • Kharagraha I (c. 615–c. 626)
  • Dharasena III (c. 626–c. 640)
  • Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–c. 644)
  • Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–c. 651)
  • Dhruvasena III (c. 651–c. 656)
  • Kharagraha II (c. 656–c. 662)
  • Siladitya II (c. 662–?)
  • Siladitya III
  • Siladitya IV
  • Siladitya V
  • Siladitya VI
  • Siladitya VII (c. 766–c. 776)[2]

Chalukya Dynasty (543–1156)

Chalukyas of Badami (543–757)

  • Pulakesi I (543–566)
  • Kirtivarman I (566–597)
  • Mangalesa (597–609)
  • Pulakesi II (609–642)
  • Vikramaditya I (655–680)
  • Vinayaditya (680–696)
  • Vijayaditya (696–733)
  • Vikramaditya II (733–746)
  • Kirtivarman II (746–757)

Chalukyas of Kalyani (973–1156)

  • Tailapa Ahavamalla (973–997)
  • Satyasraya Irivabedanga (997–1008)
  • Vikramaditya V (1008–1014)
  • Ayyana (1014–1015)
  • Jayasimha II (1015–1042)
  • Someshvara I (1042–1068)
  • Someshvara II (1068–1076)
  • Vikramaditya VI (1076–1127)
  • Someshvara III (1127–1138)
  • Jagadekamalla (1138–1151)
  • Tailapa (1151–1156)
  • Someshwara IV (1183–1189)

Shashanka dynasty (600–626)

  • Shashanka (600–625), first recorded independent king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal
  • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana

Harsha dynasty (606–647)

  • Harsha Vardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (650–1036 CE)

Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha (735–982)

Tomar's or Tuar's of Sthaneshwar and Indraprastha (736–1192 AD)

From Kshemak (last Tomar king of Indraprastha and direct descendant of Parikshit) to Anangpal I -

  1. Kshemak
  2. Shunkh (Kshemak's seat was usurped by his minister)
  3. Tunga (took refuge in Southern India established small kingdom - River Tungbhadra named after him)
  4. Abhanga
  5. Javal
  6. Gawal
  7. Lorepind
  8. Adangal
  9. Ganmel
  10. Nabhang
  11. Chukkar
  12. Tome
  13. Dravidan Tomar
  14. Drugya Tomar
  15. Manbha Tomar
  16. Karwal Tomar
  17. Kalang Tomar, he was a local chieftain in Kurudesh (modern Haryana)
  18. Anangpal I - re-established Tomar rule at what is now Delhi, the ancient capital of his ancestors. 736 AD – March- xx, ruled 18 years
  19. Vasudev - 754–March - xx, ruled 19Y-1M-18D
  20. Gangeya Tuar - 773–Apr.-18, ruled 21Y-3M-28D
  21. Prithvimal - 794–Aug.-16, ruled 19Y-6M-19D
  22. Jagdev or Jaydev - 814–Mar.-05, ruled 20Y-7M-28D
  23. Narpal - 834–Nov.-03, ruled 14Y-4M-09D
  24. Udaysangh - 849–Mar.-12, ruled 26Y-7M-11D
  25. Jaidas - 875–Oct.-23, ruled 21Y-2M-13D
  26. Vachhal/VrikshPal - 897–Jan.-01, ruled 22Y-3M-16D. There were many brothers / uncles of Vacchal Tuar[3]
    1. Bacchdev, founded Bagor near Narnol and Bachera and Baghera near Thoda Ajmer
    2. Nagdeo[3] s/o Karnpal Tuar and brother of Vachhal dev, founded Nagor and Nagda near Ajmer. Karndeo Tuar himself established Bahadurgarh near Alwar
    3. Krishnray[3] s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Kishangarh near Ajmer and Khas Ganj between Etah and Soron
    4. Nihal Ray[3] s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Narayanpur near Alwar
    5. Somasi[3] s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Ajabpur between present day Alwar and Jaipur
    6. Harpal[3] s/o Karnpal Tuar, founded Harsola and Harsoli near Alwar
  27. Pavak - 919–Apr.-22, ruled 21Y-6M-05D
  28. Vihangpal - 940–Oct.-27, ruled 24Y-4M-04D
  29. Tolpal - 961–Mar.-01, ruled 18Y-3M-15D
    1. Gopal - either another name of Gopal or ruled on his behalf for a while
  30. Sulakshanpal - 979–Jun.-16, ruled 25Y-10M-10D
  31. Jaipal Tuar - 1005–Apr.-26, ruled 25Y-10M-10D. - Fought with Raja Rangatdhwaj Rathore and lost sovereignty of Kannauj
    1. His younger brother Jhetpal Tuar captured Paithan and his descendants are called Pathania Rajputs
  32. Kanvarpal/Kumara Pal Tuar - 1021–Aug.-29, ruled 29Y-9M-18D (Masud, grandson of Md. Gazni, captured Hansi briefly in 1038), ruled from Bari[4] in Awadh, which was 3 days south of Kannauj
    1. His Rajya Purohit, the chief priest, was Indrachandra whose descendant was Ramchandra 'Rammya', Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya Hemu's nephew and General in his army[5]
  33. Anangpal II or AnekPal or Anaypal - 1051–Jun.-17, ruled 29Y-6M-18D (1052 inscription on the Iron pillar at Mahrauli), populated Delhi and built Lalkot[6] or Old Fort of Delhi.[4][7] A few known sons of Anangpal are given here, which tell us the extent of his dominions. From Hansi in north to Agra in south and from Ajmer in west to the Ganges in east, beyond which were the Katheria Rajputs rulers[8]
    1. Bhumpal Tomar, younger son - 1081, Settled in Narwar area (Near Gwalior)
    2. Indrapal,[9] founded Indra Garh
    3. Rangraj,[9] founded two palaces by the name of Taragarh, one near Ajmer
    4. Achal Raj, founded Achner between Bharatpur and Agra
    5. Draupad, lived in Hansi
    6. Sisupal, founded Sirsa, Siswal (also called Sirsa Patan)
    7. Surajpal, Suraj Kund in Mehrauli Delhi was built by him
  34. Tejpal - 1081–Jan.-05, ruled 24Y-1M-06D, founded Tejora between Gurgaon and Alwar
  35. Mahipal/Junpal - 1105–Feb.-11, ruled 25Y-2M-23D
  36. Dakatpal (Arkpal or Anangpal III) - 1151–Jul.-19, ruled until 1192 AD until the Capture of Delhi by Md. Ghori, titular head only, lost to Someshwar dev Chauhan of Ajmer in 1152 AD and married daughter to Chauhan king and thus became a feudatory of his Chauhan son in law and later his grandson Rai Pithora of Ajmer. Prithviraj Chauhan was proclaimed the heir of Tomar Kingdom in 1170 AD and his rule was 22Y-2M-16D
    1. Govindraj Tanwar fought for Prithviraj Chauhan and was killed in battle with Md Ghori

Pāla Dynasty (c. 756–1174 AD)

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 800–c. 1305)

  • Upendra (c. 800–c. 818)
  • Vairisimha I (c. 818–c. 843)
  • Siyaka I (c. 843–c. 893)
  • Vakpati (c. 893–c. 918)
  • Vairisimha II (c. 918–c. 948)
  • Siyaka II (c. 948–c. 974)
  • Vakpatiraja (c. 974–c. 995)
  • Sindhuraja (c. 995–c. 1010)
  • Bhoja I (c. 1010–c. 1055)
  • Jayasimha I (c. 1055–c. 1060)
  • Udayaditya (c. 1060–c. 1087)
  • Lakshmanadeva (c. 1087–c. 1097)
  • Naravarman (c. 1097–c. 1134)
  • Yasovarman (c. 1134–c. 1142)
  • Jayavarman I (c. 1142–c. 1160)
  • Vindhyavarman (c. 1160–c. 1193)
  • Subhatavarman (c. 1193–c. 1210)
  • Arjunavarman I (c. 1210–c. 1218)
  • Devapala (c. 1218–c. 1239)
  • Jaitugideva (c. 1239–c. 1256)
  • Jayavarman II (c. 1256–c. 1269)
  • Jayasimha II (c. 1269–c. 1274)
  • Arjunavarman II (c. 1274–c. 1283)
  • Bhoja II (c. 1283–?)
  • Mahlakadeva (c. ?–c. 1305)

Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri (850–1334 AD)

  • Dridhaprahara
  • Seunachandra (850–874)
  • Dhadiyappa (874–900)
  • Bhillama I (900–925)
  • Vadugi (Vaddiga) (950–974)
  • Dhadiyappa II (974–975)
  • Bhillama II (975–1005)
  • Vesugi I (1005–1020)
  • Bhillama III (1020–1055)
  • Vesugi II (1055–1068)
  • Bhillama III (1068)
  • Seunachandra II (1068–1085)
  • Airamadeva (1085–1115)
  • Singhana I (1115–1145)
  • Mallugi I (1145–1150)
  • Amaragangeyya (1150–1160)
  • Govindaraja (1160)
  • Amara Mallugi II (1160–1165)
  • Kaliya Ballala (1165–1173)
  • Bhillama V (1173–1192), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Jaitugi I (1192–1200)
  • Singhana II (1200–1247)
  • Kannara (1247–1261)
  • Mahadeva (1261–1271)
  • Amana (1271)
  • Ramachandra (1271–1312)
  • Singhana III (1312–1313)
  • Harapaladeva (1313–1318)
  • Mallugi III (1318–1334)

Roopak Dynasty (c. 890–895)

Brahmin Shahi Dynasty (c. 890–964)

  • Lalliya (c. 890–895)
  • Kamaluka (895–921)
  • Bhima (921–964), son of Kamaluka

Janjua Shahi Dynasty (964–1026 AD)

  • Jayapala (964–1001)
  • Anandapala (1001–1011)
  • Roopak (1011–1022)
  • Bhímapála (1022–1026)

Hoysala Dynasty (1000–1346)

  • Nripa Kama (1000–1045)
  • Vinayaditya I (1045–1098)
  • Ereyanga (1098–1100)
  • Ballala (1100–1108)
  • Vishnuvardhana (1108–1142)
  • Narasimha I (1142–1173), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Ballala II (1173–1220)
  • Narasimha II (1220–1235)
  • Vira Someshwara (1235–1253)
  • Narasimha III and Ramanatha (1253–1295)
  • Ballala III (1295–1342)

Sena Empire Dynasty rule over Bengal (1070–1230 CE)

  • Hemanta Sen (1070–1096)
  • Vijay Sen (1096–1159)
  • Ballal Sen (1159–1179)
  • Lakshman Sen (1179–1206)
  • Vishwarup Sen (1206–1225)
  • Keshab Sen (1225–1230)

Eastern Ganga dynasty (1078–1434)

  • Anantavarman Codaganga (1078–1147)
  • Ananga Bhima Deva II (1170–1198)
  • Anangabhima Deva III (1211–1238)
  • Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264)
  • Bhanu Deva I (1264–1279)
  • Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306)
  • Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328)
  • Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352)
  • Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378)
  • Narasimha Deva IV (1378–1414)
  • Bhanu Deva IV (1414–1434)

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323 CE)

  • Beta I (1000–1030)
  • Prola I (1030–1075)
  • Beta II (1075–1110)
  • Prola II (1110–1158)
  • Prataparudra I/Rudradeva I (1158–1195)
  • Mahadeva (1195–1198). Brother of King Rudradeva
  • Ganapathi deva (1199–1261)
  • Rudrama devi (1262–1296)
  • Prataparudra II/ Rudradeva II (1296–1323). Son of Queen Rudramba

Kalachuri (Southern) Dynasty (1130–1184)

  • Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 AD
  • Sovideva (1168–1176)
  • Mallugi → overthrown by his brother Sankama
  • Sankama (1176–1180)
  • Ahavamalla (1180–83)
  • Singhana (1183–84)

Bana Dynasty rule over Magadaimandalam (c. 1190–1260 AD)

Kadava Dynasty (c. 1216–1279 AD)

  • Kopperunchinga I (c. 1216 – 1242)
  • Kopperunchinga II (c. 1243 – 1279)

The Muslim Rule (1206–1526)

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)

Despite the name, the capital was repeatedly elsewhere than Delhi city, and not always near.

Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (1206–1290)

Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

  • Jalal ud din Fir oz Khaliji (1290–1296), founder of the Khilji dynasty, defeated some invading Mongol armies
  • Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316), considered the greatest of the Delhi Sultans, unified India and defeated a number of invading Mongol armies
  • Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320). The Delhi Sultanate had shrunk during his reign

Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1414)

Invasion of Timur in 1398 and the end of the Tughluq Dynasty as known earlier.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

  • Khizr (1414–1421)
  • Mubarik II (1421–1434)
  • Muhamed IV (1434–1445)
  • Alem I (1445–1451)

Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527)

  • Ala ud din Bahman Shah (1347–1358), established his capital at Gulbarga
  • Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375)
  • Ala ud din Mujahid Shah (1375–1378)
  • Daud Shah I (1378)
  • Muhammad Shah II (1378–1397)
  • Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah (1397)
  • Shams ud din Daud Shah II (1397)
  • Taj ud din Feroz Shah (1397–1422)
  • Shahab ud din Ahmad Shah I (1422–1435), established his capital at Bidar
  • Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II (1436–1458)
  • Ala ud din Humayun Shah (1458–1461)
  • Nizam ud din Ahmad Shah III (1461–1463)
  • Shams ud din Muhammad Shah III (1463–1482)
  • Mahmud Shah (1482–1518)
  • Ahmad Shah IV (1518–1521)
  • Ala ud din Shah (1521–1522)
  • Waliullah Shah (1522–1524)
  • Kalimullah Shah (1524–1527)

Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562)

Ghoris (1390–1436)

  • Dilavar Khan Husain (1390–1405)
  • Alp Khan Hushang (1405–1435)
  • Ghazni Khan Muhamnmad (1435–1436)
  • Mas'ud Khan (1436)

Khiljis (1436–1535)

  • Mahmud Shah I (1436–1469)
  • Ghiyath Shah (1469–1500)
  • Nasr Shah (1500–1511)
  • Mahmud Shah II (1511–1530)

Under Gujarat (1530–1534)

  • Amit parsagandites (1534–1535)

Qadirid (1535–1555)

  • Qadir Shah (1535–1542)

Under the Mughal Empire (1542–1555)

Shaja'atid (1555–1562)

Ahom Dynasty ruled over Assam (1228–1826)

Reddy dynasty (1325–1448 CE)

  • Prolaya Vema Reddy (1325–1335)
  • Anavota Reddy (1335–1364)
  • Anavema Reddy (1364–1386)
  • Kumaragiri Reddy (1386–1402)
  • Kataya Vema Reddy (1395–1414)
  • Allada Reddy (1414–1423)
  • Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448)

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1660)

Sangama Dynasty (1336–1487)

  • Harihara I (Deva Raya) 1336–1343
  • Bukka I (1343–1379)
  • Harihara II (1379–1399)
  • Bukka II (1399–1406)
  • Deva Raya I (1406–1412)
  • Vira Vijaya (1412–1419)
  • Deva Raya II (1419–1444)
  • (Not known) (1444–1449)
  • Mallikarjuna (1452–1465)
  • Rajasekhara (1468–1469)
  • Virupaksha I (1470–1471)
  • Praudha Deva Raya (1476–?)
  • Rajasekhara (1479–1480)
  • Virupaksha II (1483–1484)
  • Rajasekharak (1486–1487)

Saluva Dynasty (1490–1567)

  • Narasimha (1490–1503)
  • Narasa (Vira Narasimha) (1503–1509)
  • Krishnadevaraya (1509–1530)
  • Achyuta (1530–1542)
  • Sadasiva (1542–1567)

Tuluva Dynasty (1542–1614)

  • Rama (1542–1565)
  • Tirumala (1565–1567)
  • Tirumala (1567–1575)
  • Ranga II (1575–1586)
  • Venkata I (1586–1614)

Rulers of Mysore/Khudadad (1399–1950)

Wodeyar Dynasty (first rule, 1399–1761)

  • Yaduraya (1399–1423)
  • Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I (1423–1459)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar I (1459–1478)
  • Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II (1478–1513)
  • Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar II (1553–1572)
  • Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576)
  • Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar (1576–1578)
  • Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar V (1617–1637)
  • Raja Wodeyar II (1637–1638)
  • (Ranadhira) Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659)
  • Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar (1659–1673)
  • Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704)
  • Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714)
  • Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1714–1732)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar VI (1732–1734)
  • (Immadi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766), ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761
  • Nanajaraja Wodeyar (1766–1772), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII (1772–1776), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII (1776–1796), ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782, then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796

The reign of the Kings of Mysore (Wodeyar line) was interrupted from 1796 to 1799.

Muslim rulers of Mysore (1761–1799)

  • Hyder Ali (1761–1782), Muslim commander deposing the Hindu Maharaja, fought the British and Nizams of Hyderabad in the first of 4 Anglo-Mysore Wars
  • Tipu Sultan (Tiger of Mysore) (1782–1799), son of Hyder Ali, considered the greatest ruler of Mysore, assumed the novel style Badhshah Bahadur of Khudadad (thus claiming the paramountcy of India instead of the Mughal 'mere' Badhshah), fought the British, Marathas and Nizams of Hyderabad in the 3 Anglo-Mysore Wars (where he invented iron rockets), allied to the French, and lost everything

Wodeyar Dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950)

  • (Mummudi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799–1868)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1868–1894)
  • H.H. Vani Vilas Sannidhana, queen of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX served as regent from 1894 to 1902
  • (Nalvadi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (1894–1940)
  • Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur (1940–1950)

Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541 CE)

  • Kapilendra Deva (1434–67)
  • Purushottama Deva (1467–97)
  • Prataparudra Deva (1497–1540)
  • Kalua Deva (1540–41)
  • Kakharua Deva (1541)

Maharajas of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam, 1503–1964)

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century AD. But the records we have start in 1503.

  1. Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503)
  2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
  3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
  4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
  5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
  6. Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
  7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
  8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
  9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
  10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
  11. Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
  12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658)
  13. Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
  14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
  15. Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687)
  16. Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
  17. Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
  18. Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
  19. Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
  20. Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
  21. Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
  22. Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
  23. Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
  24. Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
  25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
  26. Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805)
  27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809) - Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
  28. Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828) - Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Malayalam Era))
  29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837) - Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
  30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844) - Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
  31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851) - Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
  32. Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853) - Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
  33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864) - Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
  34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888) - Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
  35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895) - Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
  36. Rama Varma XV (1895–1914) - a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932)
  37. Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932) - Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
  38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941) - Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
  39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943) - Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran
  40. Ravi Varma V (1943–1946) - Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
  41. Kerala Varma (1946–1948) - Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran
  42. Rama Varma (1948–1964) - Pareekshit Thampuran

Qutb Shahi Dynasty (1518–1687)

Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

Mughal Dynasty (first rule, 1526–1540)

Suri Dynasty (1540–1555)

  • Sher Shah (1540–1545), seized the Mughal Empire after defeating the second Mughal Emperor Humayun
  • Islam Shah Suri (1545–1553)
  • Adil Shah (1553), became insane and handed over rule to Hindu king Hemu

Hemu (1553–1556)

  • Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya

Mughal Dynasty (restored, 1556–1857)

Chogyal, monarchs of Sikkim and Ladakh (1642–1975)

Main article: Chogyal

Maratha Empire (1674–1818)

The Empire was divided between two branches of the family c. 1707–10; and the division was formalized in 1731.

Bhonsle Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700–1947)

  • Chhatrapati Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14)
  • Sambhaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1698, r. 1714–60)
  • Rajmata Jijibai, regent (1760–73), senior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Rajmata Durgabai, regent (1773–79), junior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Shahu Shivaji II of Kolhapur (r. 1762–1813); adopted by Jijibai, his predecessor's senior widow
  • Sambhaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1801, r. 1813–21)
  • Shivaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1816, r. 1821–22) (council of regency)
  • Shahaji I of Kolhapur (b. 1802, r. 1822–38)
  • Shivaji IV of Kolhapur (b. 1830, r. 1838–66)
  • Rajaram I of Kolhapur (r. 1866–70)
  • Council of regency (1870–94)
  • Shivaji V of Kolhapur (b. 1863, r. 1871–83); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajarshi Shahu IV of Kolhapur (b. 1874, r. 1884–1922); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajaram II of Kolhapur (b. 1897 r. 1922–40)
  • Indumati Tarabai of Kolhapur, regent (1940–47), widow of Rajaram II
  • Shivaji VI of Kolhapur (b. 1941, r. 1941–46); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Shahaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1910, r. 1947, d. 1983); formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior; adopted by Indumati Tarabai, widow of Rajaram II

The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.[10]

  • Shahu II as titular Maharaja (1983–present) (adopted from Kadam family of Bande)

Bhonsle Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707–1839)

  • Shahu I (1708–1749). Son of Sambhaji I.
  • Ramaraja (1749–1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I.
  • Shahu II of Satara (1777–1808). Son of Ramaraja.
  • Pratapsinh (1808–1839)
  • Shahaji III (1839–1848)
  • 1848 to Great Britain
  • Pratapsinh I (adopted)
  • Rajaram III
  • Pratapsinh II
  • Raja Shahu III (1918–1950)
  • Pratapsinhraje (1950–1978)
  • Chatrapati Udayanraje Bhonsle (1978–present)[11]

The Peshwas (1713–1858)

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Maharaja, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.

  • Balaji Vishwanath (1713 – 2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720)
  • Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 Aug. 1700, died 28 April 1740)
  • Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 Dec. 1721, d. 23 Jun. 1761)
  • Madhavrao Ballal (1761 – 18 Nov. 1772) (b. 16 Feb. 1745, d. 18 Nov. 1772)
  • Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec. 1772 – 30 Aug. 1773) (b. 10 Aug. 1755, d. 30 Aug. 1773)
  • Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec. 1773 – 1774) (b. 18 Aug. 1734, d. 11 Dec. 1783)
  • Sawai Madhavrao (1774 – 27 Oct. 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 Oct. 1795)
  • Baji Rao II (6 Dec. 1796 – 3 June 1818) (d. 28 Jan. 1851)
  • Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 Sep. 1859)

Bhonsle Maharajas of Thanjavur (?–1799)

For more details on this topic, see Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.

Descended from a brother of Shivaji; ruled independently and had no formal relationship with the Maratha Empire.

The state was annexed by the British in 1799.[12]

Bhonsle Maharajas of Nagpur (1799–1881)

  • Raghoji I (1738–1755)
  • Janoji (1755–1772)
  • Sabaji (1772–1775)
  • Mudhoji I (1775–1788)
  • Raghoji II (1788–1816)
  • Parsoji Bhonsle (18??–1817)
  • Mudhoji II (1816–1818)
  • Raghoji III (1818–1853)
  • 1853 to Great Britain
  • Janoji II (1853–1881) (adopted)
  • Raghujideo (1881)
  • The kingdom was annexed by the British under the Doctrine of Lapse.[13]

Holkar rulers of Indore (1731–1948)

  • Malharrao Holkar (I) (r. 2 November 1731 – 19 May 1766)
  • Malerao Khanderao Holkar (r. 23 August 1766 – 5 April 1767)
  • Punyaslok Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar (r. 5 April 1767 – 13 August 1795)
  • Tukojirao Holkar (I) (r. 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797)
  • Kashirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 29 January 1797 – 1798)
  • Yashwantrao Holkar (I) (r. 1798 – 27 November 1811)
  • Malharrao Yashwantrao Holkar (III) (r. November 1811 – 27 October 1833)
  • Martandrao Malharrao Holkar (r. 17 January 1834 – 2 February 1834)
  • Harirao Vitthojirao Holkar (r. 17 April 1834 – 24 October 1843)
  • Khanderao Harirao Holkar (r. 13 November 1843 – 17 February 1844)
  • Tukojirao Gandharebhau Holkar (II) (r. 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886)
  • Shivajirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903)
  • Tukojirao Shivajirao Holkar (III) (r. 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926)
  • Yashwantrao Holkar (II) (r. 26 February 1926 – 1961)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.

Scindia rulers of Gwalior (?–1947)

  • Ranojirao Scindia (1731 – 19 July 1745)
  • Jayapparao Scindia (1745 – 25 July 1755)
  • Jankojirao I Scindia (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born 1745
  • Meharban Dattaji Rao Scindia, Regent (1755 – 10 January 1760). Died 1760
  • Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763
  • Kedarjirao Scindia (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764)
  • Manajirao Scindia Phakade (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768)
  • Mahadaji Scindia (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born c. 1730, died 1794
  • Daulatrao Scindia (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 1827
  • Jankojirao II Scindia (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 1843
  • Jayajirao Scindia (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 1835, died 1886
  • Madho Rao Scindia (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 1876, died 1925
  • George Jivajirao Scindia (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956, later Rajpramukh). Born 1916, died 1961

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.

Gaekwad rulers of Baroda (Vadodara) (1721–present)

  • Pilaji Rao Gaekwad (1721–1732)
  • Damaji Rao Gaekwad (1732–1768)
  • Govind Rao Gaekwad (1768–1771)
  • Sayaji Rao Gaekwad I (1771–1789)
  • Manaji Rao Gaekwad (1789–1793)
  • Govind Rao Gaekwad (restored) (1793–1800)
  • Anand Rao Gaekwad (1800–1818)
  • Sayaji Rao II Gaekwad (1818–1847)
  • Ganpat Rao Gaekwad (1847–1856)
  • Khande Rao Gaekwad (1856–1870)
  • Malhar Rao Gaekwad (1870–1875)
  • Maharaja Sayyaji Rao III (1875–1939)
  • Pratap Singh Gaekwad (1939–1951)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India and the monarchy was abolished in 1948.

The major Muslim vassals of the Mughal/British Paramountcy (1707–1856)

Nawabs of Bengal (1707–1770)

  • Murshid Quli Jafar Khan (1707–1727)
  • Sujauddin Khan (1727–1739)
  • Sarfraz Khan (1739–1740)
  • Alivardi Khan (1740–1756)
  • Siraj Ud Daulah (1756–1757)
  • Mir Jafar (1757–1760)
  • Mir Qasim (1760–1763)
  • Mir Jafar Khan (1763–1765)
  • Najm ud Daulah (1765–1766)
  • Saif ud Daulah (1766–1770)

Nawabs of Awadh/Oudh (1719–1858)

Nizams of Hyderabad (1720–1948)

Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1947)

Sikh Empire (1801–1849)

The British Empire annexed the Punjab c. 1845–49; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars

British Emperors of India (1876–1947)

Dominion of India (1947–1950)

See also

Sources and External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dayanand Saraswati, Satyartha Prakash
  2. ↑ Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). Ancient India, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, ISBN 81-219-0887-6, pp.594–6
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33, Page xxi
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33
  5. ↑ M. L. Bhargava, Hemu and his time, page 3
  6. ↑ Alexander Cunnigham, Four reports made during the years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1
  7. ↑ Hickey, William (1874). "The Tanjore Mahratta Principality in Southern India". Pg.xix (Google books). ISBN 81-206-0302-8. Retrieved 2009-05-26. 
  8. ↑ Sir Alexander Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, Four reports made during the years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 2, page v
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 33, Asiatic Society of Bengal
  10. ↑ http://www.royalark.net/India/kolhap2.htm
  11. ↑ http://www.royalark.net/India4/satara2.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.royalark.net/India4/tanjore2.htm
  13. ↑ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wEluAAAAMAAJ&q=bhonsle+of+nagpur&dq=bhonsle+of+nagpur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WfCLUIObJoyErQe7xIHICA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA
Classical India
Timeline and

cultural period

 Northwestern India

(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)

 Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India
Western Gangetic Plain

(Kuru-Panchala)

 Northern India

(Central Gangetic Plain)

 Northeastern India

(Northeast India)

IRON AGE
Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period

(Brahmin ideology)[lower-alpha 1]

Painted Grey Ware culture

 Late Vedic Period

(Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[lower-alpha 2]

Northern Black Polished Ware

 Pre-history
 6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes)
Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"

Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga

 Pre-history
 5th century BCE (Persian rule) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes)
 4th century BCE (Greek conquests)

Nanda empire
Kalinga
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Early Cholas

Early Pandyan Kingdom

Satavahana dynasty

Cheras

46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam

Culture Preclassical Hinduism[lower-alpha 3] - "Hindu Synthesis"[lower-alpha 4] (ca. 200 BCE-300 CE)[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6]
Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism		 Sangam period

(continued)
(300 BCE – 200 CE)

 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Sunga Empire Adivasi (tribes) Early Cholas

Early Pandyan Kingdom

Satavahana dynasty

Cheras

46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam

 1st century BCE Yona Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
 1st century CE

Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthians

 Kuninda Kingdom
 2nd century Pahlava Varman dynasty
 3rd century Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhras dynasty

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)

Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. 320-650 CE)[lower-alpha 7]
Puranas
Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
 4th century Gupta Empire Kalabhras dynasty

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)

Kadamba Dynasty

Western Ganga Dynasty

 5th century Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) Kalabhras dynasty

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)

Vishnukundina

 6th century Kalabhras dynasty

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)

Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. 650-1100 CE)[lower-alpha 8]
Advaita Vedanta - Tantra
Decline of Buddhism in India
 7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty, Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)

Pandyan Kingdom(Revival)

Pallava

 8th century Kidarite Kingdom Pandyan Kingdom

Kalachuri

 9th century Indo-Hephthalites (Huna) Gurjara-Pratihara Pandyan Kingdom

Medieval Cholas

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)

Chalukya

Chera Perumals of Makkotai

10th century Pala dynasty

Kamboja-Pala dynasty

 Medieval Cholas

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)

Chera Perumals of Makkotai

Rashtrakuta

Culture Islamic rule and "Sects of Hinduism" (ca. 1100-1850 CE)[lower-alpha 9] - Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE)[lower-alpha 10]
11th century (Islamic conquests)
Kabul Shahi
(Islamic Empire)

Pala Empire
Paramara dynasty
Solanki
Eastern Ganga dynasty
Sena dynasty

 Adivasi (tribes) Medieval Cholas
Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)
Later Cholas
Chera Perumals of Makkotai

Yadava dynasty
Western Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Kakatiya dynasty
Hoysala Empire

 12th century Later Cholas

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)

Chera Perumals of Makkotai

Alupa Dynasty

Chera-Ai Dynasty

Venadu Cheras

 13th century Later Cholas

Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)

Pandyan Kingdom(Revival)

Venadu Cheras

 14th century Pandyan Kingdom(Ruled from Madurai)

Khilji Dynasty

Pandyan Kingdom(Thenkaasi Pandiyar(Ruled from Thenkaasi after conquest))

Vijayanagara Empire

 15th century Pandyan Kingdom(Thenkaasi Pandiyar)

Vijayanagara Empire

 16th century Pandyan Kingdom(Thenkaasi Pandiyar)

Vijayanagara Empire

 17th century Pandyan Kingdom(Thenkaasi Pandiyar)

Vijayanagara Empire

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