Sudan virus

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Sudan virus (SUDV)
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebolavirus
Species: Sudan ebolavirus

Sudan virus (SUDV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). SUDV causes severe disease in humans and (experimentally) in nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers. SUDV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

Use of term

Sudan virus (abbreviated SUDV) was first described in 1977.[1] It is the single member of the species Sudan ebolavirus, which is included into the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales.[2] The name Sudan virus is derived from Sudan (where it was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix virus. Sudan virus is pronounced sʊ’dæn vɑɪrəs (IPA) or soo-dan vahy-ruhs in English phonetic notation.[2] According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Sudan virus is always to be capitalized, but is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with SUDV being the official abbreviation).

Previous designations

Sudan virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1977.[1] In 2000, it received the designation Sudan Ebola virus[3][4] and in 2002 the name was changed to Sudan ebolavirus.[5][6] Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-S (for Ebola virus Sudan) and most recently SEBOV (for Sudan Ebola virus or Sudan ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010, when it was renamed Sudan virus (SUDV).[2]

Virus inclusion criteria

A virus of the species Sudan ebolavirus is a Sudan virus (SUDV) if it has the properties of Sudan ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Sudan virus, Sudan virus variant Boniface (SUDV/Bon), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level.[2]

Disease

SUDV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to SUDV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Ebola virus disease). In the past, SUDV has caused the following EVD outbreaks:

Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks due to Sudan virus (SUDV) infection
Year Geographic location Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)
1976 Juba, Maridi, Nzara, and Tembura, Sudan 284/151 (53%)
1979 Nzara, Sudan 34/22 (65%)
2000–2001 Gulu, Mbarara, and Masindi Districts, Uganda 425/224 (53%)
2004 Yambio County, Sudan 17/7 (41%)
2011 Luweero District, Uganda 1/1 (100%)

Ecology

The ecology of SUDV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how SUDV was repeatedly introduced into human populations. Bats are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious Marburg virus (MARV), a distantly related filovirus, has been isolated from bats,[7] and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely related Ebola virus (EBOV) were found in bats as well.[8]

Molecular Biology

SUDV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the genomic organization and the conservation of individual open reading frames, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses. It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be extrapolated to SUDV and that all SUDV proteins behave analogous to those of EBOV.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bowen, E. T. W.; Lloyd, G.; Harris, W. J.; Platt, G. S.; Baskerville, A.; Vella, E. E. (1977). "Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire, Preliminary studies on the aetiological agent.". Lancet 309 (8011): 571–3. PMID 65662. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kuhn, Jens H.; Becker, Stephan; Ebihara, Hideki; Geisbert, Thomas W.; Johnson, Karl M.; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Lipkin, W. Ian; Negredo, Ana I et al. (2010). "Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations". Archives of Virology 155 (12): 2083–103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. PMC 3074192. PMID 21046175. 
  3. ↑ Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000), "Family Filoviridae", in van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B., Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, pp. 539–48, ISBN 0-12-370200-3 
  4. ↑ Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998". Archives of Virology 143 (7): 1449–59. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID 9742051. 
  5. ↑ Feldmann, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H.-D.; Netesov, S. V.; Peters, C. J.; Sanchez, A.; Swanepoel, R. et al. (2005), "Family Filoviridae", in Fauquet, C. M.; Mayo, M. A.; Maniloff, J.; Desselberger, U.; Ball, L. A., Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, San Diego, USA: Elsevier/Academic Press, pp. 645–653, ISBN 0-12-370200-3 
  6. ↑ Mayo, M. A. (2002). "ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot". Archives of Virology 147 (11): 2254–60. doi:10.1007/s007050200052. 
  7. ↑ Towner, J. S.; Amman, B. R.; Sealy, T. K.; Carroll, S. A. R.; Comer, J. A.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Paddock, C. D.; Balinandi, S.; Khristova, M. L.; Formenty, P. B.; Albarino, C. G.; Miller, D. M.; Reed, Z. D.; Kayiwa, J. T.; Mills, J. N.; Cannon, D. L.; Greer, P. W.; Byaruhanga, E.; Farnon, E. C.; Atimnedi, P.; Okware, S.; Katongole-Mbidde, E.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Zaki, S. R.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2009). "Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats". In Fouchier, Ron A. M. PLoS Pathogens 5 (7): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536. PMC 2713404. PMID 19649327. 
  8. ↑ Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouquet, P.; Hassanin, A.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Paweska, J. T.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Swanepoel, R. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus". Nature 438 (7068): 575–576. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..575L. doi:10.1038/438575a. PMID 16319873. 

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