Subramanian Swamy

Subramanian Swamy
President, Janata Party
In office 1990–2013
Minister of Commerce and Industry
In office 1990–1991
Prime Minister	Chandra Shekhar Singh
Minister of Law and Justice (Additional Charge)
In office 1990–1991
Prime Minister	Chandra Shekhar Singh
Member of the Rajya Sabha
In office 1988–1994
In office 1974–1976
Member of the Lok Sabha
In office 1998–1999
In office 1977–1979
Personal details
Born	(1939-09-15) 15 September 1939 Mylapore, Madras Presidency
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party (2013 to present)
Other political affiliations	Janata Party (1990 to 2013)
Spouse(s)	Roxna Swamy (m. 1966)
Alma mater	Hindu College, University of Delhi (B.Sc.) (Mathematics) Indian Statistical Institute (M.S. Mathematics) Harvard University (PhD)
Profession	Economist Professor Author Politician
Religion	Hindu
Website	Official Website

Dr. Subramanian Swamy (sometimes spelt Subramaniam Swamy; born 15 September 1939) is an Indian academician, politician, activist and economist.^[1] He was the President of the Janata Party. His party was merged on 11 August 2013 with BJP^[2][3] Swamy has previously served as member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of India. He has written on foreign affairs of India dealing largely with China, Pakistan and Israel. He is also a published author.

Earlier in November 1978, Swamy was member of the Group of Eminent persons called to Geneva to prepare a report of the United Nations (UNCTAD) on Economic Co-operation between Developing countries (ECDC). Swamy also simplified trade procedures and formulated a new export strategy which became the forerunner of trade reform adopted subsequently. In 1994, Swamy was appointed as Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade by then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. This was perhaps for the first time that an Opposition Party member was given a Cabinet rank post by the ruling party. He also presently serves as chairman^[4] of the Board of Governors of the SCMS Group of Educational Institutions in Kerala.

Early life and education

Subramanian Swamy was born in Mylapore, Chennai, India. His father Sitaram Subramanian^[5] is from Madurai, Tamil Nadu who was an Indian Statistical Service officer^[6] and retired as Director of the Central Statistical Institute.^[7][8]

He attended Hindu College, University of Delhi, from where he earned his Bachelor Honours degree in Mathematics.^[7] He studied for his Masters degree in Statistics at the Indian Statistical Institute.^[7] He then went to study at Harvard University on a full Rockefeller scholarship.^[7] He received a PhD in Economics in 1965. His thesis adviser was Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets.^[9]

For some time, while completing his dissertation in 1963, he worked at the United Nations Secretariat in New York as an Assistant Economics Affairs Officer. He subsequently worked as a resident tutor at Lowell House at Harvard university.

Academic career

Professorships

In 1964, Swamy joined the faculty of economics at Harvard beginning as an assistant professor in July 1966^[7][10] and in 1969 became an associate professor.^[11]

When he was associate professor, he was invited by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen^[5] for a professor’s^[12] chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics.^[6] He accepted the offer. However, when he arrived for the position at DSE, his appointment was cancelled due to his views on the nuclear capabilities for India and his market-friendly attitude.^[5]

Thereafter, he moved to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and he was a professor of mathematical economics there from 1969 to 1991.^[10][13] He was removed from the position by its board of governors in the early 1970s but was legally reinstated in the late 1990s by the Supreme Court of India. He continued in the position until 1991 when he resigned to become a cabinet minister. He served on the Board of Governors of the IIT, Delhi (1977–80) and on the Council of IITs (1980–82).

He taught economics courses in summer session at Harvard^[14] until 2011. In December 2011, the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences removed his course from the Harvard Summer School offerings in response to a controversial article he wrote, effectively ceasing his employment at Harvard.^[15]

Swamy now serves as Chairman of the School of Communication and Management Studies in Kochi.^[16][17]

Political career

Early politics

Swamy's career started with his involvement in 's Sarvodaya movement, which was an apolitical movement but which formed the foundation of the creation of Janta Party later.^[18] The real turn in his political career came after his sacking from IIT. Liberal economic policies put forward by him didn't go well with the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who discredited him as 'Santa Claus with unrealistic ideas'. As a result he was expelled from Indian Institute of Technology. This marked the beginning of his active political career. Staunch opponent of Indira Gandhi and right wing political party Jansangh sent him to Rajya Sabha – the upper house of Indian Parliament.^[5]

He was elected Member of Parliament 5 times between 1974 and 1999. He has twice represented the city of Mumbai North East during 1977 and 1980, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the Parliament.^[5]

During the period of emergency, he fled to the United States, seeking safe haven with an Indian businessman in Michigan who had become the spokesperson of opposition in the US. In 1976 when emergency was still in force and an arrest warrant issued in his name, he came to parliament to attend the session and managed to escape India after attending the session. This act made him a hero in the eyes of opposition parties.^[19][20]

He was one of the founding members of the Janata Party and has been its president since 1990.

Minister of Commerce and Law of India

Economic reforms in India

Dr Subramanian Swamy was one of the first proponent of economic reforms and dismantaling the soviet socialist model of economics in India. His original blue prints of early 1991 led to the reforms introduced by PM NARISHIMA RAO IN 1991.

During 1990 and 1991 Swamy was a member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Law of India. During this period he claims to have created the blueprint for economic reforms in India under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar^[21][22] which was later carried out in 1991 by Manmohan Singh,^[7] then Finance Minister under leadership of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao.^[22] In his book, he claims that Manmohan Singh has acknowledged it as well.^[4][23]

Between 1994 and 1996, he held the position of "Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade" (equivalent to the rank of a cabinet minister) under the P. V. Narasimha Rao government.^[5]

Under BJP

On 11 August 2013, after a discussion with BJP President Rajnath Singh, Swami officially joined Bharatiya Janata Party. The joining marks the merging of Janata Party with Bharatiya Janata Party.^[2]

Swamy had indicated that he may contest 2014 general election.^[24]

Issues held and contributions

Foreign policy and affairs

China and India

He claims normalising relations between China and India. Those claims may be contested by supporters of former Prime Minister Vajpayee who also have the same claims. According to Dr. Swamy, the proposal for normalising and re-opening of the Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage route was announced in the meeting Dr. Swamy had with China's supremo Deng Xiaoping in April 1981 and widely reported in the media then, but this issue too has other claimants as the main force behind the decision.

Israel

In his speeches and articles, Dr Swamy has expressed his admiration for Israel, and has credited its retaliatory capacity for its ability to survive in a hostile Arab environment. He made pioneering efforts at establishing diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1982, Dr. Swamy became the first Indian political leader to make publicised trip to Israel, where he met with some important Israeli leaders such as Yitzhak Rabin and then Prime Minister Menachem Begin. His efforts at normalising relations with Israel have borne fruit now with India's decision in 1992 to open Embassies in the respective countries.^[25]

Sri Lanka

Swamy on several occasions had supported Sri Lanka for the war against LTTE and criticized as pro Lanka by the opponents.^{[26][27][28][29][30]} In an interview to the Sunday leader newspaper, he had said that the Indian government should attend CHOGM meeting at Colombo despite stiff opposition from Tamil Nadu politicians and putting the onus on the LTTE for human rights violations during the Sri Lankan Civil war.^[31][32]

Court activism

For 15 years, he has been filing petitions in courts starting with the case against Jayalalitha in 1996.^[33]

Phone tapping allegation

Swamy had released the letter alleging that former intelligence chief had asked DoT to tap the phone of many politicians and businessmen in Karnataka,^[34] the then Chief Minister, Ramakrishna Hegde resigned in 1988.^[35] Hegde then filed a case against him in 1990.^[36][37]

Hashimpura massacre

In 1987, when Muslim youths were killed under police custody, Swamy spoke against it and sat on a fast for more than a week in Jantar Mantar demanding the institution of an inquiry.^[38] After 25 years he started pursuing the case once again in court.^[39]

Survivors and victims of the massacre have alleged that Swamy is using it to score political points. Rebecca John, counsel for the Hashimpura complainants, told Additional Sessions Judge Rakesh Siddhartha who is conducting the trial in the case, that "there is no other motive than politics behind Swamy's plea for further investigation and it would only further delay the trial".Questioning Swamy's locus to seek further investigation, John contended, "If we could see any other motive than politics, we would have stood behind him (Swamy). But we were the ones who fought for the victims, who went to the apex court and got the case transferred here. Where was he for 25 years?"^[40]

Role in Exposing 2G Spectrum Scam

In November 2008, Subramanian Swamy amongst others wrote the first of five letters to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh seeking permission to prosecute A. Raja in regard to the 2G spectrum scam.^[41] However, Singh took no action,^[42] leading Swamy to file a case on his own in the Supreme Court of India regarding the matter, which then asked the Central Bureau of Investigation to produce a detailed report on it.^[43] He further called on the Indian government to re-auction the 2G spectrum without the involvement of Communications Minister Kapil Sibal.^[44]

Swamy has raised allegations that Sonia Gandhi's sisters Anushka and Nadia have received sixty percent of the kickbacks in the 2G spectrum scam, amounting to 180 billion (US$2.9 billion) each.^[45] On 15 April 2011, he filed a 206-page petition with PM Singh seeking permission to prosecute Gandhi. In the petition, he claimed to have strong evidence of corrupt acts committed by Gandhi as early as 1972; he also raised doubts regarding her acquisition of Indian citizenship.^[46] At a lecture on corruption given on 29 May 2011, Swamy repeated his allegation against Sonia Gandhi, saying she has Rs. 1 trillion (short scale) stashed abroad.^[47]

Swamy filed documents in the court to prosecute Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram by including a 15 January 2008 letter written by Chidambaram to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Swamy also placed on record the certified copy of the minutes of a meeting between Chidambaram, Raja and the prime minister during the tenure of Raja as the MOC&IT.^[48] Since criminal charges were filed against the accused, but no evidence was given by Swamy or the CBI, all the respondents have got bail as of July 2012.

Sanction to prosecute telecom minister A. Raja

On 31 January 2012, the Supreme Court of India accepted Swamy's petition against the Prime Minister's Office in the 2G case, saying that all public authorities should give a sanction within three months against any public official if a request is made for prosecution.

The Supreme Court said that Subramanian Swamy had the locus standi to seek sanction from the prime minister for the prosecution of A Raja in the 2G scam. Sanction by a competent authority for the prosecution of a public servant has to be granted within a time frame, the apex court said. Justice AK Ganguly said that the sanction would be deemed to be granted if competent authority failed to take a decision within four months.

Swamy's arguments were that he wrote to the PMO on 29 November 2008, but it was only on 19 March 2010 the PMO replied that the plea made by Swamy was "premature" as investigation was being carried out by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Raja was arrested by the CBI in the case and got bail on 15 May 2012 after spending nearly 15 months in the Tihar Central Jail.^[49]

Investigation on EVM

Subramanian Swamy demanded that an independent committee should be formed to check the security and safety of the Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) to avoid any rigging or tampering. He argued that countries like US, Japan, UK, Germany and Netherlands have abandoned EVMs and are using paper-ballot system and demanded that a printed receipt should be given to every voter after casting the vote.^[50][51] His PIL to investigate the working of EVM was dismissed by the Delhi High Court on 17 January 2012. The court refused to give any directions to the Election Commission to bring back paper-ballot system or use of printed receipts. The Commission argued that the use of paper is not feasible due to the huge size of Indian electorate. The court further asked the Election Commission to "immediately begin a process of wider consultations" and the Parliament "to go into this question in depth and decide".^[52][53]

On 22 January 2013 the Election Commission informed the Supreme Court that it would include Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system which is in the testing phase, in the machines so that every voter will come to know who he/she is voting by getting a printed slip after pressing the EVM button.^[54][55] The voter paper audit trail has then been in use from 4 September 2013.^[56][57]

On 8 October 2013 the Supreme Court directed the Election Commission to implement audit trail system in 2014 general elections in phases.^[58]

Campaign against black money

He is the founder and chairperson of Action Committee Against Corruption in India (ACACI). ACACI's goal is to take specific action against corruption at very high places of government and Indian black money stashed abroad.^[59][60]

Views on Kashmir

In September 2008, Dr. Swamy stridently retorted against the contentions of some Indian columnists who voiced their opinions in favour of "peacefully" surrendering Kashmir to Pakistan. He said,

"I would say that the silent suffering majority of India wants none of this. The 'Kashmir issue,' in fact, can no more be solved by dialogue either with the Pakistanis or the Hurriyat, leave alone the constitutional impossibility of allowing it to secede. [...]Kashmir, in fact, is now our defining identity. It is a touchstone for our resolve to preserve our national integrity. The population of that State may be majority Muslim but the land and its history is predominantly Hindu. For our commitment to the survival of the ancient civilisation of India and the composite culture that secularists talk of, we have not only to win that coming inevitable war but also resolve never to part with Kashmir. [...]

Pakistanis often cite the United Nations resolutions on Kashmir to argue for a plebiscite. This obfuscates the fact of accession of the State to India. The legality of the Instrument of Accession signed in favour of India by the then Maharaja of J&K, Hari Singh, on 26 October 1947 has to prevail anyway. "^[61]

Allegations against Nehru-Gandhi family

Subramanian and Sonia Gandhi's false affidavit to Election Commission

Sonia Gandhi had submitted an affidavit to the Election Commission of India citing a false degree. In 2004, Subramanian Swamy filed a case in a High Court, which enabled the judges to stop others from filing similar cases. Swamy had clarified in the petition that his complaint against Ms. Gandhi was for imposing a penalty on her but not for disqualifying her from participating in the election. Sonia Gandhi admitted that it was a "mistake" and apologised, upon which the judge ordered closure of the case without penalty.^[62]

Claims about stopping Sonia Gandhi from becoming PM

Subramanian claims that after he wrote to APJ Abdul Kalam to stop Sonia Gandhi from becoming PM, Kalam spoke to Sonia and persuaded her not to become PM. But since 2004, Kalam has been denying via press conferences and interviews that he never spoke to Subramanian Swamy about her Citizenship. Press Records of Rashtrapati Bhavan prove that the then president APJ Abdul Kalam never raised the issue of Citizenship with Sonia.^[63]

On 19 May 2004, Dr. Kalam's office issued a press release,"It has been reported in a section of the press that the President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam had discussed the citizenship issue with Smt. Sonia Gandhi when she met him yesterday at Rashtrapati Bhavan. This is contrary to facts. It did not figure in the discussions at all." Press releases dating back to 2004 are unavailable on President of India's website. They were removed after the 2007 presidential elections. Press information Bureau's link^[64] is as credible as original source.

Media has provided interviews of APJ Abdul Kalam to make it clear. P M Nair, then secretary to the President in his book "The Kalam Effect: My years with the President" reflects the same. In 2012, media reported that Kalam in his book has said that he never spoke to Sonia Gandhi about her Citizenship, and never backtracked from his stand of 2004.,^[65] however Subramanian Swamy has challenged the version of the former President.^[66]

Unaccountable Wealth against Gandhi Family and The move to De-recognize Congress party

On 1 Nov 2012 Swamy alleged that both Sonia and Rahul Gandhi have committed fraud and land grabbing to a tune of Rs. 16 billion by acquiring a public limited company called Associated Journals Private Ltd(AJPL) through their owned private company, Young Indian. Through this they had got publication rights of National Herald and Quami Awaz newspapers, with real estate properties in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The acquired place was intended only for newspaper purposes but were used for running a passport office, amounting to lakhs of rupees, it alleges. Swamy further added that Rahul Gandhi hid the facts in his affidavit while filing nomination for the 2009 Lok Sabha elections.^[67][68] Rahul Gandhi's office send a letter to Swamy threatening legal action.^[69]

It further alleges that on 26 February 2011 AJPL approved the transfer of unsecured loan of Rs. 900 million from the AICC at zero interest. Subramanian argued that it is illegal for any political party to lend money for commercial purposes as per "Section 29A to C of the RPA (1951) and Section 13A of IT Act (1961)" and demanded investigation by the CBI and seeking de-recognition of the party by the Election Commission for using public money.^[70] On 2 Nov, the party responded that the loan was given only for reviving National Herald newspaper with no commercial interest.^[71] Swamy decided to approach the Supreme Court challenging the Election Commission's decision to reject his petition de-recognising the Congress party, while the Election Commission ordered the probe on 17 Nov 2012.^[72][73]

On 16 March 2013, the Patiala House Court took cognisance of Swamy's claim. Swamy has been directed to testify on 9 Jul 2013 in front of the court.^[74]

Article about 2011 Mumbai bombings

In response to the 2011 Mumbai bombings, he wrote an editorial in Daily News and Analysis (DNA) Some of Swamy's Controversial suggestions in the article.

• The Hindu is the target and that Muslims of India are being programmed by a slow reactive process to become radical and thus slide into suicide against Hindus.
• Remove Article 370, and re-settle ex-servicemen in the Valley. Create Panun Kashmir for Hindu Pandit community. Look or create opportunity to take over PoK. If Pakistan continues to back terrorists, assist the Baluchis and Sindhis to struggle for independence.
• Remove the masjid in Kashi Vishwanath temple complex, and 300 others in other sites as a tit-for-tat.
• Make Sanskrit learning compulsory and singing of Vande Mataram mandatory, and declare India as Hindu Rashtra in which only those non-Hindus can vote if they proudly acknowledge that their ancestors are Hindus. Rename India as Hindustan as a nation of Hindus and those whose ancestors are Hindus.

• Enact a national law prohibiting conversion from Hindu religion to any other religion.

Propagate the development of a Hindu mindset.^[75] Swamy had written a similar column in The New Indian Express after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

On 3 August 2011 The National Commission for Minorities decided to file criminal charges against Swamy for the article and promoting enmity on the basis of religion.^[76] On 4 October 2011 the Delhi Police registered the case.^[77] Swamy was then granted police protection by the Delhi High Court.^[78] On 30 January 2012 Swamy was granted anticipatory bail by the court with the condition that he would not write such articles in future.^[79]

Views on Tamil Nadu Politics

Swamy is well known for his critical views against the Government of Tamil Nadu and against the "Aryan versus Dravidian" politics of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, calling it as the theory forwarded by the British.^[80] He is a staunch opponent of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.^[81][82][83] He also urged the Indian government not to support the US led resolution condemning war crimes in the Sri Lankan Civil War, citing it as one-sided and not in the interest of India.^[84][85]

Swamy obtained Supreme Court Stay against the implementation of Sethu Samuthiram Shipping Channel project (SSSCP). He believes that it would hurt the sentiments of people who believe that this shallow land connecting between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka was built by the Hindu god Rama. He strongly opposes the implementation of SSSCP citing that implementing this scheme may affect Hindu sentiments.^[86] He wrote letters to Prime Minister of India in June 2009 asking him to stop the project.^[87] He has also strongly urged the Supreme Court of India to declare this Rama-Sethu as a National heritage & historical monument.

Family and Personal life

Subramanian Swamy's younger brother name is Ram Subramanian and their mother is Padmavati.^[88] Subramanian Swamy married Roxna Swamy (a Parsi) in June 1966 whom he met at Harvard.^[89] Then she had obtained PhD in Mathematics^[90] who is presently an advocate at the Supreme Court of India.^[91][92] They have two daughters, Dr. Gitanjali Swamy,a private equity investment professional in the US, married to Sanjay Sarma, a professor at MIT and Suhasini Haider, an anchor with CNN-IBN married to Nadeem Haidar (SOAS alumni), son of Salman Haider, former foreign secretary and external affairs minister in 1997.^[93][94][95]

Honours, awards and international recognition

Year	Name	Awarding organisation	Ref.
2013	Hindu Ratna Award	Hindu Helpline, Vishwa Hindu Parishad	[96]
2012	Distinguished Alumni Award.	Hindu College, University of Delhi.	[97][98]
2012	Indrayani Award.	Indrayani Cooperative bank.	[99]

Books, Research Papers and Journals

Subramanian Swamy is a published author of several books, research papers and journals. A complete list of papers, books and journals is included below to which he is the author.

Books

• Economic Growth in China and India, 1952–70(Publisher: University of Chicago Press; ISBN 978-0-226-78315-4)
• Indian economic planning;: An alternative approach (Publisher: Barnes & Noble; ISBN 978-0-389-04202-0)
• Building a New India: An Agenda for National Renaissance (Publisher: South Asia Books; ISBN 978-81-85674-21-6)
• India's Labour Standards and the WTO Framework (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0585-1)
• India's economic performance and reforms: A perspective for the new millennium (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0594-3)
• Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0591-2)
• India's China perspective (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0606-3)
• Financial Architecture and Economic Development in China and India (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0718-3)
• Trade and Industry in Japan: A Guide to Indian Entrepreneurs and Businessmen (Publisher: Prentice-Hall of India; ISBN 978-81-203-0785-8)
• Sri Lanka in Crisis: India's Options (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1260-1)
• Kailas and Manasarovar after 22 years in Shiva's domain (Publisher: Allied Publishers)
• Hindus Under Siege (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1207-6)
• Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1418-6)
• Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence for India's National Security (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1344-8)
• Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum & Sundaram (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1486-5)
• 2G Spectrum Scam (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1638-8)
• Electronic voting machines: unconstitutional and tamperable (Publisher: Vision Books; ISBN 978-81-7094-798-1)

Article, Research Papers and Journals

Article

• Can India make it? India's path to sustained growth (Publisher: Harvard Asia Pacific review, Volumes 6–8 by Harvard University. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, 2002)
• The response to economic challenge: A comparative economic history of China and India, 1870–1952 (Publisher: The Quarterly journal of economics, Volume 93 by Harvard University by the MIT Press, 1979)

Research Papers

• Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation (Publisher: Harvard University, 1965)
• Nuclear policy for India (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh Publication, 1968)
• Plan for full employment (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 1970)
• Theoretical aspects of index numbers (Publisher: Harvard Institute of Economic Research, 1985)
• Land reforms: an economist's approach (Publisher: Deendayal Research Institute)

References

External links

• Official Twitter
• Official Facebook
• Official Youtube Channel
• Official Blog
• Official Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha: Swamy
• Subramanian Swamy's biograophy by R.Rajgopalan
• Subramanian Swamy's underground life during the Emergency

Others

• Subramanian Swamy collected laws and court judgements at Indian Kanoon
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at India Today
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Times of India
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Hindu
• Subramanian Swamy BJP

v t e Corruption in India Corruption Corruption in Indian politics List of scandals in India Anti-corruption activism India Against Corruption 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement Swami Ramdev Anna Hazare Subramanian Swamy Arvind Kejriwal Kiran Bedi Legislation Existing Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 Prevention of Money Laundering Act Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 Right to Information Act Right to Public Services legislation Proposed The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2013 Whistleblower protection in India Right to Reject Right to Recall Other Indian black money Corruption Perceptions Index Licence Raj Mafia Raj

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Persondata
Name	Subramanian, Swamy
Alternative names
Short description	Indian politician
Date of birth	15 September 1939
Place of birth	Mylapore, Chennai, India
Date of death
Place of death