Stereum ostrea
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Stereum ostrea, also called false turkey-tail and golden curtain crust, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Stereum. It is a plant pathogen and a wood decay fungus. The name ostrea, from the word 'oyster', describes its shape.[2] With concentric circles of many colors, it highly resembles Trametes versicolor, turkey-tail, and is thus called the 'false turkey-tail'. The stemless fruiting body is shell-like and grows 1–7 cm (0.39–2.76 in) high. It is tough and inedible. It grows on tree bark. This fungus is native to North America, where it is widespread and grows all year round.
Physical description
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It gets its name 'false turkey-tail' because it mimics Trametes versicolor. They can be distinguished as T. versicolor has numerous pores on the underside of its fruiting body, unlike S. ostrea.[4] Also, S. ostrea is more red in color. Factors such as its relatively large size and shell-like (not flat) body distinguish it from other members of the genus Stereum.[1]
The fruiting body is 1–7 cm (0.39–2.76 in) wide, shaped like a shell and thin. Its surface can be hairy or smooth at the very first, growing smoother with age. The concentric zones can have a variety of colors - ranging from yellowish red to a dark brown. If algae grow on it, the color can change to green. The flesh is very thin and too tough to eat, with no distinct odor.[1] The fungus lacks a stem. The underside is smooth and lacks pores, white to gray or a reddish brown shade in color. The spore is white, and measures 5.5–7.5 micrometres (0.0055–0.0075 mm) x 2–3 µm (0.0020–0.0030 mm).[1][5]
Chemical properties
The crude culture filtrate and methanol extracts from S. ostrea were examined to determine the antibacterial activity of the fungus against bacteria like Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus species. The culture filtrate was found to be more opposing than methanol. The filtrate inhibited B. subtilis the most and K. pneumonia the least. The study concluded that the crude culture filtrate of S. ostrea shows high antimicrobial activity.[6]
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S. ostrea produces lignolytic enzymes, which decompose lignin. The enzyme production was compared for ten days with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, in a liquid medium. S. ostrea produced a higher number of laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase enzymes. the discoloration of the dye Remazol confirmed the presence of enzymes.[7][8][9]
Methoxylaricinolic acid and laricinolic acid have been isolated from this mushroom.[10] Sterostreins A–E (1, 2, 3a/3b, 4, and 5) have been found in S. ostrea, of which sterostrein A showed antimalarial activity and was cytotoxic.[11]
Habitat and distribution
S. ostrea is saprophytic in nature. It is a plant pathogen, growing on hardwood tree barks, especially oak, and decaying parts. It leaves white deposits in these places. It grows individually, but in a dense manner. Phlebia incarnata, another fungus, is most commonly found growing alongside or even intermingled with this species. This fungus can be parasitized by jelly fungi. It grows all year round and is widespread in North America.[1][12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kuo, Michael (December 2008). "Stereum ostrea". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Emberger, Gary (2008). "Stereum ostrea". Messiah College. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ↑ Chaudhuri, A.B. (1993). Forest plants of eastern India. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. p. 601. ISBN 81-7024-537-0.
- ↑ Volk, Thomas J. (November 2000). "Stereum ostrea". University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ↑ Bessette, Alan E. (2007). Mushrooms of the southeastern United States (1. ed. ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-8156-3112-X.
- ↑ Praveen, K.; K.Y. Usha, M. Naveen, B. Rajasekhar Reddy (2012). "Antibacterial Activity of a Mushroom - Stereum ostrea". Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 2 (1). ISSN 2225-093X.
- ↑ Praveen, K.; Viswanath, B.; Usha, K. Y.; Pallavi, H.; Venkata Subba Reddy, G.; Naveen, M.; Rajasekhar Reddy, B. (1 January 2011). "Lignolytic Enzymes of a Mushroom Stereum ostrea Isolated from Wood Logs". Enzyme Research 2011: 1–6. doi:10.4061/2011/749518.
- ↑ Praveen, K.; K. Y. Usha B. Rajasekhar Reddy (2011). Studies on Manganese Peroxidase of a Mushroom - Stereum Ostrea. ISBN 978-3-659-15480-5.
- ↑ Vishwanath, Buddolla; M. Subhosh Chandra, K. Praveen Kumar, B. Rajasekhar Reddy (2008). "Production and purification of laccase from Stereum ostrea and its ability to decolorize textile dyes". Page 1 Received: 10 June 2008. Accepted: 30 June 2008. Original Research Paper Dynamic Biochemistry, Process Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (Global Science Books) 2 (1): 19–25.
- ↑ Kim, YH; Yun, BS; Ryoo, IJ; Kim, JP; Koshino, H; Yoo, ID (July 2006). "Methoxylaricinolic acid, a new sesquiterpene from the fruiting bodies of Stereum ostrea.". The Journal of antibiotics 59 (7): 432–4. doi:10.1038/ja.2006.61. PMID 17025020.
- ↑ Isaka, Masahiko; Srisanoh, Urarat; Choowong, Wilunda; Boonpratuang, Thitiya (16 September 2011). "Sterostreins A–E, New Terpenoids from Cultures of the Basidiomycete BCC 22955". Organic Letters 13 (18): 4886–4889. doi:10.1021/ol2019778.
- ↑ "Stereum ostrea". Rogers Plants Ltd. Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved 1 October 2012.