Standard streams

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This article is about standard I/O file descriptors. For System V streams, see STREAMS.

In computer programming, standard streams are preconnected input and output channels between a computer program and its environment (typically a text terminal) when it begins execution. The three I/O connections are called standard input (stdin), standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr).

Application

The standard streams for input, output, and error

Users generally know these streams as mediums by which text incoming from an input device and text outgoing to display are handled. As they are used for input and output devices, they generally contain text, a sequence of characters in a predetermined encoding, such as Latin-1 or UTF-8.

These streams can also be chained; the output of a program can then be the input of another one. A well-known example is the use of a pager such as more, which gives the user a way to control which part of the output stream appears on the display.

Although the dominant usage is for the standard streams to contain text, it is possible to use them to transfer arbitrary binary data.

Background

In most operating systems predating Unix, programs had to explicitly connect to the appropriate input and output devices. OS-specific intricacies caused this to be an intimidating programming challenge. On many systems it was necessary to obtain control of environment settings, access a local file table, determine the intended data set, and handle hardware correctly in the case of punch card reader, magnetic tape drive, disk drive, line printer, card punch, or interactive terminal.

One of Unix's several groundbreaking advances was abstract devices, which removed the need for a program to know or care what kind of devices it was communicating with.[citation needed] Older operating systems forced upon the programmer a record structure and frequently non-orthogonal data semantics and device control. Unix eliminated this complexity with the concept of a data stream: an ordered sequence of data bytes which can be read until the end of file. A program may also write bytes as desired and need not (and can't easily) declare how many there will be, or how they will be grouped.

Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output by default[citation needed] — the program (and programmer) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program (unless it chose a different paradigm). In contrast, previous operating systems usually required some—often complex—job control language to establish connections, or the equivalent burden had to be orchestrated by the program.

Since Unix provided standard streams, the Unix C runtime environment was obligated to support it as well. As a result, most C runtime environments (and C's descendants), regardless of the operating system, provide equivalent functionality.

Standard input (stdin)

Standard input is data (often text) going into a program. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) perform their operations without any stream data input.

Unless redirected, input is expected from the keyboard which started the program.

The file descriptor for standard input is 0 (zero); the POSIX <unistd.h> definition is STDIN_FILENO; the corresponding <stdio.h> variable is FILE* stdin; similarly, the <iostream> variable is std::cin.

Standard output (stdout)

Standard output is the stream where a program writes its output data. The program requests data transfer with the write operation. Not all programs generate output. For example the file rename command (variously called mv, move, or ren) is silent on success.

Unless redirected, standard output is the text terminal which initiated the program.

The file descriptor for standard output is 1 (one); the POSIX <unistd.h> definition is STDOUT_FILENO; the corresponding <stdio.h> variable is FILE* stdout; similarly, the <iostream> variable is std::cout.

Standard error (stderr)

Standard error is another output stream typically used by programs to output error messages or diagnostics. It is a stream independent of standard output and can be redirected separately. The usual destination is the text terminal which started the program to provide the best chance of being seen even if standard output is redirected (so not readily observed). For example, output of a program in a pipeline is redirected to input of the next program, but errors from each program still go directly to the text terminal.

It is acceptable—and normal—for standard output and standard error to be directed to the same destination, such as the text terminal. Messages appear in the same order as the program writes them, unless buffering is involved. (For example, a common situation is when the standard error stream is unbuffered but the standard output stream is line-buffered; in this case, text written to standard error later may appear on the terminal earlier, if the standard output stream's buffer is not yet full.)

The file descriptor for standard error is 2; the POSIX <unistd.h> definition is STDERR_FILENO; the corresponding <stdio.h> variable is FILE* stderr. The C++ <iostream> standard header provides two variables associated with this stream: std::cerr and std::clog, the former being unbuffered and the latter using the same buffering mechanism as all other C++ streams.

Most shells[citation needed] allow both standard output and standard error to be redirected to the same file using

 &> filename

Bourne-style shells allow standard error to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using

 2>&1

csh-style shells allow standard error to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using

 >&

Timeline

1950s: Fortran

Fortran has the equivalent of Unix file descriptors: UNIT=5 for stdin, UNIT=6 for stdout and UNIT=0 for stderr[citation needed].

! FORTRAN 77 example
      PROGRAM MAIN
      READ(UNIT=5,*)NUMBER
      WRITE(UNIT=6,'(F5.3)')' NUMBER IS: ',NUMBER
      END

1960: ALGOL 60

ALGOL 60 was criticized for having no standard file access.[citation needed]

1968: ALGOL 68

ALGOL 68's input and output facilities were collectively referred to as the transput.[citation needed] Koster coordinated the definition of the transput standard. The model included three standard channels: stand in, stand out, and stand back.

Example 
# ALGOL 68 example #
main:(
  REAL number;
  getf(stand in,($g$,number));
  printf(($"Number is: "g(6,4)"OR "$,number)); # OR #
  putf(stand out,($" Number is: "g(6,4)"!"$,number));
  newline(stand out)
)
Input: Output: 
3.14159
 
Number is: +3.142 OR Number is: +3.142!

1970s: C and Unix

In the C programming language, the standard input, output, and error streams are attached to the existing Unix file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 respectively.[1] In a POSIX environment the <unistd.h> definitions STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO or STDERR_FILENO should be used instead rather than magic numbers. File pointers stdin, stdout, and stderr are also provided.

1995: Java

In Java, the standard streams are referred to by System.in (for stdin), System.out (for stdout), and System.err (for stderr).[2] 

public static void main(String args[]) {
    try {
        BufferedReader br = 
          new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        String s = br.readLine();
        double number = Double.parseDouble(s);
        System.out.println("Number is:" + number);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println("Error:" + e.getMessage());
    }
}

Or you can use the Scanner class of package java.util.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        while(sc.hasNextLine()) {
            String line = sc.nextLine();
            double number = Double.parseDouble(line);
            System.out.println("Number is: " + number);
        }
    }

2000s: .NET

In C# and other .NET languages, the standard streams are referred to by System.Console.In (for stdin), System.Console.Out (for stdout) and System.Console.Error (for stderr).[citation needed] Basic read and write capabilities for the stdin and stdout streams are also accessible directly through the class System.Console (e.g. System.Console.WriteLine() can be used instead of System.Console.Out.WriteLine()).

System.Console.In, System.Console.Out and System.Console.Error are System.IO.TextReader (stdin) and System.IO.TextWriter (stdout, stderr) objects, which only allow access to the underlying standard streams on a text basis. Full binary access to the standard streams must be performed through the System.IO.Stream objects returned by System.Console.OpenStandardInput(), System.Console.OpenStandardOutput() and System.Console.OpenStandardError() respectively.

// C# example
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
    try {
        string s = System.Console.In.ReadLine();
        double number = double.Parse(s);
        System.Console.Out.WriteLine("Number is: {0:F3}", number);
        return 0;
 
    // If Parse() threw an exception
    } catch (System.ArgumentNullException) { 
        System.Console.Error.WriteLine("No number was entered!");
    } catch (System.FormatException) {
        System.Console.Error.WriteLine("The specified value is not a valid number!");
    } catch (System.OverflowException) {
        System.Console.Error.WriteLine("The specified number is too big!");
    }
 
    return -1;
}

' Visual Basic .NET example
 
Public Function Main() As Integer
    Try
	Dim s As String = System.Console.[In].ReadLine()
	Dim number As Double = Double.Parse(s)
	System.Console.Out.WriteLine("Number is: {0:F3}", number)
	Return 0
 
    ' If Parse() threw an exception
    Catch ex As System.ArgumentNullException
	System.Console.[Error].WriteLine("No number was entered!")
    Catch ex2 As System.FormatException
	System.Console.[Error].WriteLine("The specified value is not a valid number!")
    Catch ex3 As System.OverflowException
	System.Console.[Error].WriteLine("The specified number is too big!")
    End Try
 
    Return -1
End Function

When applying the System.Diagnostics.Process class one can use the instance properties StandardInput, StandardOutput, and StandardError of that class to access the standard streams of the process.

GUIs

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) rarely make use of the standard streams.[citation needed] Consequently, redirecting GUI programs or constructing a GUI pipeline is neither practical nor useful. The nearest analogy is probably cutting (or copying) from one application and pasting into another. Since manual user operations are required, moving large numbers of pastes is not especially efficient. One notable exception is the dwm tiling window manager, which displays data directed through stdin on a status bar.

Some GUI programs, primarily on Unix, still write debug information to standard error. Others may take files to operate from standard in (for example many Unix media players do so). Popular Windows programs that open a separate console window in addition to their GUI windows are the emulators pSX and DOSBox.

GTK-server can use stdin as communication interface with an interpreted program to realize a GUI.

The Common Lisp Interface Manager paradigm "presents" GUI elements sent to an extended output stream.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man3/stdin.3.php
  2. ↑ "System (Java Platform SE 7)". Retrieved 20 July 2012. 

External links

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