Srizbi botnet

The Srizbi botnet, also known by its aliases of Cbeplay and Exchanger, is the world's largest or second-largest botnet depending on expert reports, and is responsible for sending out more than half of all the spam being sent by all the major botnets combined.^[1][2] The botnets consist of computers infected by the Srizbi trojan, which sends spam on command. The botnet suffered a significant setback in November 2008 when hosting provider McColo was taken down; global spam volumes reduced by up to 75% as a result of this action.

Size

The size of the Srizbi botnet is estimated to be around 450,000^[3] compromised machines, with estimation differences being smaller than 5% among various sources.^[2][4] The botnet is reported to be capable of sending around 60 billion spam messages a day, which is more than half of the total of the approximately 100 billion spam messages sent every day. As a comparison, the highly publicized Storm botnet only manages to reach around 20% of the total amount of spam sent during its peak periods.^[2][5]

The Srizbi botnet is showing a relative decline after an aggressive growth in the amount of spam messages sent out in mid-2008. As of 13 July, the botnet is believed to be responsible for roughly 40% of all the spam on the net, a sharp decline from the almost 60% share in May.^[6]

Origins

The earliest reports on Srizbi trojan outbreaks were around June 2007, with small differences in detection dates across antivirus software vendors.^[7][8] However, reports indicate that the first released version had already been assembled on 31 March 2007.^[9] There is no sign of decline in the number of bots involved in the botnet.

The Srizbi botnet by some experts is considered the second largest botnet of the Internet. However, there is controversy surrounding the Kraken botnet.^{[10][11][12][13]} As of 2008, it may be that Srizbi is the largest botnet.

Spread and botnet composition

The Srizbi botnet consists of computers which have been infected by the Srizbi trojan horse. This trojan horse is deployed onto its victim computer through the Mpack malware kit.^[14] Past editions have used the "n404 web exploit kit" malware kit to spread, but this kit's usage has been deprecated in favor of Mpack.^[9]

The distribution of these malware kits is partially achieved by utilizing the botnet itself. The botnet has been known to send out spam containing links to fake videos about celebrities, which include a link pointing to the malware kit. Similar attempts have been taken with other subjects such as illegal software sales and personal messages.^[15][16][17] Apart from this self-propagation, the MPack kit is also known for much more aggressive spreading tactics, most notably the compromise of about 10,000 websites in June 2007.^[18] These domains, which included a surprising number of pornographic websites,^[19] ended up forwarding the unsuspecting visitor to websites containing the MPack program.

Once a computer becomes infected by the trojan horse, the computer becomes known as a zombie, which will then be at the command of the controller of the botnet, commonly referred to as the botnet herder.^[20] The operation of the Srizbi botnet is based upon a number of servers which control the utilization of the individual bots in the botnet. These servers are redundant copies of each other, which protects the botnet from being crippled in case a system failure or legal action takes a server down. These servers are generally placed in countries such as Russia, where law enforcement against digital crime is limited.

Reactor Mailer

The server-side of the Srizbi botnet is handled by a program called "Reactor Mailer", which is a Python-based web component responsible for coordinating the spam sent out by the individual bots in the botnet. Reactor Mailer has existed since 2004, and is currently in its third release, which is also used to control the Srizbi botnet. The software allows for secure login and allows multiple accounts, which strongly suggests that access to the botnet and its spam capacity is sold to external parties (Software as a service). This is further reinforced by evidence showing that the Srizbi botnet runs multiple batches of spam at a time; blocks of IP addresses can be observed sending different types of spam at any one time. Once a user has been granted access, he or she can utilize the software to create the message they want to send, test it for its SpamAssassin score and after that send it to all the users in a list of email addresses.^[9]

Suspicion has arisen that the writer of the Reactor Mailer program might be the same person responsible for the Srizbi trojan, as code analysis shows a code fingerprint that matches between the two programs.^[9] If this claim is indeed true, then this coder might well be responsible for the trojan behind another botnet, named Rustock. According to Symantec, the code used in the Srizbi trojan is very similar to the code found in the Rustock trojan, and could well be an improved version of the latter.^[21]

Srizbi trojan

The Srizbi trojan is the client side program responsible for sending the spam from infected machines. The trojan has been credited with being extremely efficient at this task, which explains why Srizbi is capable of sending such high volumes of spam without having a huge numerical advantage in the number of infected computers.

Apart from having an efficient spam engine, the trojan is also very capable in hiding itself from both the user and the system itself, including any products designed to remove the trojan from the system. The trojan itself is fully executed in kernel mode and has been noted to employ rootkit technologies to prevent any form of detection.^[22] By patching the NTFS file system drivers, the trojan will make its files invisible for both the operating system and any human user utilizing the system. The trojan is also capable of hiding network traffic it generates by directly attaching NDIS and TCP/IP drivers to its own process, a feature currently unique for this trojan. This procedure has been proven to allow the trojan to bypass both firewall and sniffer protection provided locally on the system.^[21]

Once the bot is in place and operational, it will contact one of the hardcoded servers from a list it carries with it. This server will then supply the bot with a zip file containing a number of files required by the bot to start its spamming business. The following files have been identified to be downloaded:

1. 000_data2 - mail server domains
2. 001_ncommall - list of names
3. 002_senderna - list of possible sender names
4. 003_sendersu - list of possible sender surnames
5. config - Main spam configuration file
6. message - HTML message to spam
7. mlist - Recipients mail addresses
8. mxdata - MX record data

When these files have been received, the bot will first initialize a software routine which allows it to remove files critical for revealing spam and rootkit applications. ^[21] After this procedure is done, the trojan will then start sending out the spam message it has received from the control server.

Incidents

The Srizbi botnet has been the basis for several incidents which have received media coverage. Several of the most notable ones will be described below here. This is by no means a complete list of incidents, but just a list of the major ones.

The "Ron Paul" incident

In October 2007, several anti-spam firms noticed an unusual political spam campaign emerging. Unlike the usual messages about counterfeit watches, stocks, or penis enlargement, the mail contained promotional information about United States presidential candidate Ron Paul. The Ron Paul camp dismissed the spam as being not related to the official presidential campaign. A spokesman told the press: "If it is true, it could be done by a well-intentioned yet misguided supporter or someone with bad intentions trying to embarrass the campaign. Either way, this is independent work, and we have no connection."^[23]

The spam was ultimately confirmed as having come from the Srizbi network.^[24] Through the capture of one of the control servers involved,^[9] investigators learned that the spam message had been sent to up to 160 million email addresses by as few as 3,000 bot computers. The spammer has only been identified by his Internet handle "nenastnyj" (Ненастный, means "rainy" or "foul", as in "rainy day, foul weather" in Russian); his or her real identity has not been determined.

Malicious spam tripling volumes in a week

In the week from 20 June 2008 Srizbi managed to triple the amount of malicious spam sent from an average 3% to 9.9%, largely due to its own effort.^[25] This particular spam wave was an aggressive attempt to increase the size of the Srizbi botnet by sending emails to users which warned them that they had been videotaped naked.^[26] Sending this message, which is a kind of spam referred to as "Stupid Theme", was an attempt to get people to click the malicious link included in the mail, before realizing that this message was most likely spam. While old, this social engineering technique remains a proven method of infection for spammers.

The size of this operation shows that the power and monetary income from a botnet is closely based upon its spam capacity: more infected computers translate directly into greater revenue for the botnet controller. It also shows the power botnets have to increase their own size, mainly by using a part of their own strength in numbers.^[27]

Server relocation

After the removal of the control servers hosted by McColo in late November 2008, the control of the botnet was transferred to servers hosted in Estonia. This was accomplished through a mechanism in the trojan horse that queried an algorithmically generated set of domain names, one of which was registered by the individuals controlling the botnet. The United States computer security firm FireEye, Inc. kept the system out of the controllers' hands for a period of two weeks by preemptively registering the generated domain names but was not in a position to sustain this effort. However the spamming activity was greatly reduced after this control server transfer.^[28]

See also

• Botnet
• Storm botnet
• MPack malware kit
• Email spam
• Internet crime
• Internet security
• Operation: Bot Roast
• Shadowserver

References