Spot-breasted Ibis

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Spot-breasted Ibis
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Threskiornithidae
Genus: Bostrychia
Species: B. rara
Binomial name
Bostrychia rara
(Rothschild, Hartert & Kleinschmidt, 1897)

The Spot-breasted Ibis (Bostrychia rara) is a species of bird and is a member of the order Pelecaniformes and the family Threskiornithidae. It is a wading bird that lives is swampy forested areas and is found in tropical regions. Its preference for dense rainforests in tropical Africa means that it is seldom seen and is vulnerable to deforestation.

Description

Ibises are known to have a rounded body with long legs and a long S-shaped neck. There are 30 different species worldwide and they all show variations on the same body form.[2] Some are crested and some are bald behind their heads.[3] The Spot-breasted Ibis, like other ibises, has long legs and a long bill.[3] They also have a crest at the back of their head. Unlike other ibises they have a short neck. Their wing length is 270-290, their bill length is 115-130 and their tarsus length is 56-65. Their plumage varies but appears to be most commonly brownish – blue.[3] A small, dark ibis, the best distinguishing feature is suggested by its name; the buff-spotted neck and breast is diagnostic. Otherwise, the upperparts are uniformly dark, with blue skin surrounding the eyes (smaller in females).[4] Flying birds can be distinguished by their broad wings and short tail.[4] The juvenile is duller, and has a shorter crest.[4] To view a picture of them you may follow the external link at the bottom of the page.

Taxonomy

The Spot-breasted Ibis is most closely related to the four other members of the genus Bostrychia, Olive Ibis, São Tomé Ibis, Hadada Ibis and Wattled Ibis, which are also all restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.[5] In particular, the Spot-breasted Ibis is closely related to the Olive Ibis and São Tomé Ibis, and these three species are sometimes placed into their own genus, Lampribis.[5] There are no recognized subspecies of the Spot-breasted Ibis.[5]

Habitat and distribution

The Spot-breasted Ibis is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda.[1] Although it is found across a wide range of territory is it not common and considered to be rare.[1] In the areas where it is found it is a resident of that area, this means as a species they do not migrate and they live there all year long.[3] Its habitat is in wooded swamps or forested areas near streams.[3]

Behavior

Spot-breasted Ibises are difficult to observe because they are usually silent and solitary. When disturbed, they are often flushed from the ground to a nearby perch, where they remain silent.[4] They are best located at dusk and dawn as they call in flight.[4]

Vocalization

Usually silent and furtive when feeding on the ground.[4] At dawn and dusk birds call in flight, giving a loud, raucous "ha-han".[4]

Diet

Spot-breasted Ibises are omnivorous and feed on some plant material, along with various small crustaceans and insects.[3] Invertebrates consumed include grubs, worms, aquatic snails, larvae and a variety of beetles.[5] Usually diurnal, although occasionally feeds at night by moonlight.[5] Away from roosting sites, most individuals feed alone or in pairs. Like other ibises, the Spot-breasted Ibis probes through the mud in swamps and along banks of forest rivers and streams.[5]

Reproduction

The nests of the Spot-breasted Ibis are usually found about on tree branches 1–6 meters above ground or above water.[5] They are solitary nesters. They generally lay two eggs at a time.[5] Reproduction occurs throughout the year, except during long dry seasons when water levels are too low.[5] For example, in Gabon birds laid in all months except July and August, with peaks in March–May and September–December.[5] The peaks corresponded to the local rainy seasons. Incubation takes about 20 days. Chicks are independent about forty days after hatch.[5] As with other ibises, chicks are semi-altricial; they are born with blackish-brown down that is replaced at six days by thicker white down.[5]

Conservation

Like many other birds in the Guineo-Congolian region the Spot-breasted Ibis is subject to habitat loss and fragmentation.[6][7] Deforestation has destroyed much of the dense rain forest these birds prefer.[6] Hunters have also had a negative impact on the success of this species.[1] Database entry includes justification for why this species is Least Concern. For example, fishermen are known to take nestlings.[5] Nonetheless, the species is considered not globally threatened.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 BirdLife International (2012). "Bostrychia rara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013. 
  2. ↑ Boev, Z. 1998. Presence of Bald Ibises (Geronticus Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria. - Geologica Balcanica, 28 (1-2): 45-52.2
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Van Perlo, Ber., Birds of Eastern Africa, 1995, Princeton University Press
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Sinclair, I, and Ryan, P. 2003. Birds of Africa: south of the Sahara. Struck Nature, Cape Town, South Africa
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal. 1992. Handbook of the birds of the world. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 G. Angehr et al., 2006. Bird surveys of Gamba complex of protected areas, Gabon. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington. 12: 327
  7. ↑ Dowsett, R.J., Dowsett-Lemaire F., 2000. Birds of Lobeke faunal reserve, Cameroon and its regional importance for conservation. Bird Conservation International. 10: 67-68

External links

To view a picture you can follow this external link or it there is one in the book Birds of Eastern Africa

Traditional listing of Ibises and spoonbills (family: Threskiornithidae)
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