Spherical cap

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The spherical cap is the purple section.

In geometry, a spherical cap or spherical dome is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane. If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, so that the height of the cap is equal to the radius of the sphere, the spherical cap is called a hemisphere.

Volume and surface area

If the radius of the base of the cap is $a$ , and the height of the cap is $h$ , then the volume of the spherical cap is

$V={\frac {\pi h}{6}}(3a^{2}+h^{2}),$

and the curved surface area of the spherical cap is

$A=2\pi rh.$

The relationship between $h$ and $r$ is irrelevant as long as $h>0$ and $h<2r$ . The blue section of the illustration is also a spherical cap.

The parameters $a$ , $h$ and $r$ are not independent:

$r^{2}=(r-h)^{2}+a^{2}=r^{2}+h^{2}-2rh+a^{2},$

$r={\frac {a^{2}+h^{2}}{2h}}$ .

Substituting this into the area formula gives:

$A=2\pi {\frac {(a^{2}+h^{2})}{2h}}h=\pi (a^{2}+h^{2}).$

Note also that in the upper hemisphere of the diagram, $\scriptstyle h=r-{\sqrt {r^{2}-a^{2}}}$ , and in the lower hemisphere $\scriptstyle h=r+{\sqrt {r^{2}-a^{2}}}$ ; hence in either hemisphere $\scriptstyle a={\sqrt {h(2r-h)}}$ and so an alternative expression for the volume is

$V={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)$ .

Application

The volume of all points which are in at least one of two intersecting spheres of radii $r 1$ and $r 2$ is ^[1]

$V=V^{{(1)}}-V^{{(2)}}$ ,

where

$V^{{(1)}}={\frac {4\pi }{3}}r_{1}^{3}+{\frac {4\pi }{3}}r_{2}^{3}$

is the total of the two isolated spheres, and

$V^{{(2)}}={\frac {\pi h_{1}^{2}}{3}}(3r_{1}-h_{1})+{\frac {\pi h_{2}^{2}}{3}}(3r_{2}-h_{2})$

the sum of the two spherical caps of the intersection. If $d <r 1 +r 2$ is the distance between the two sphere centers, elimination of the variables $h 1$ and $h 2$ leads to^[2] ^[3]

$V^{{(2)}}={\frac {\pi }{12d}}(r_{1}+r_{2}-d)^{2}[d^{2}+2d(r_{1}+r_{2})-3(r_{1}-r_{2})^{2}].$

Generalizations

Sections of other solids

The spheroidal dome is obtained by sectioning off a portion of a spheroid so that the resulting dome is circularly symmetric (having an axis of rotation), and likewise the ellipsoidal dome is derived from the ellipsoid.

Hyperspherical cap

Generally, the $n$ -dimensional volume of a hyperspherical cap of height $h$ and radius $r$ in $n$ -dimensional Euclidean space is given by ^[4]

$V={\frac {\pi ^{{{\frac {n-1}{2}}}}\,r^{{n}}}{\,\Gamma \left({\frac {n+1}{2}}\right)}}\int \limits _{{0}}^{{\arccos \left({\frac {r-h}{r}}\right)}}\sin ^{n}(t)\,{\mathrm {d}}t$

where $\Gamma$ (the gamma function) is given by $\Gamma (z)=\int _{0}^{\infty }t^{{z-1}}{\mathrm {e}}^{{-t}}\,{\mathrm {d}}t$ .

The formula for $V$ can be expressed in terms of the volume of the unit n-ball $C_{{n}}={\scriptstyle \pi ^{{n/2}}/\Gamma [1+{\frac {n}{2}}]}$ and the hypergeometric function ${}_{{2}}F_{{1}}$ or the regularized incomplete beta function $I_{x}(a,b)$ as

$V=C_{{n}}\,r^{{n}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\,-\,{\frac {r-h}{r}}\,{\frac {\Gamma [1+{\frac {n}{2}}]}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\,\Gamma [{\frac {n+1}{2}}]}}{\,\,}_{{2}}F_{{1}}\left({\tfrac {1}{2}},{\tfrac {1-n}{2}};{\tfrac {3}{2}};\left({\tfrac {r-h}{r}}\right)^{{2}}\right)\right)={\frac {1}{2}}C_{{n}}\,r^{n}I_{{(2rh-h^{2})/r^{2}}}\left({\frac {n+1}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}\right)$ ,

and the area formula $A$ can be expressed in terms of the area of the unit n-ball $A_{{n}}={\scriptstyle 2\pi ^{{n/2}}/\Gamma [{\frac {n}{2}}]}$ as

$A={\frac {1}{2}}A_{{n}}\,r^{{n-1}}I_{{(2rh-h^{2})/r^{2}}}\left({\frac {n-1}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}\right)$ ,

where $\scriptstyle 0\leq h\leq r$ .

References

↑ Connolly, Michael L. (1985). "Computation of molecular volume". J. Am. Chem. Soc: 1118–1124. doi:10.1021/ja00291a006.
↑ Pavani, R.; Ranghino, G. (1982). "A method to compute the volume of a molecule". Comput. Chem. doi:10.1016/0097-8485(82)80006-5.
↑ Bondi, A. (1964). "van der Waals volumes and radii". J. Phys. Chem. (68): 441–451. doi:10.1021/j100785a001.
↑ Li, S. (2011). "Concise Formulas for the Area and Volume of a Hyperspherical Cap". Asian J. Math. Stat. 4 (1): 66–70. doi:10.3923/ajms.2011.66.70

Richmond, Timothy J. (1984). "Solvent accessible surface area and excluded volume in proteins: Analytical equation for overlapping spheres and implications for the hydrophobic effect". J. Molec. Biol. 178 (1): 63–89. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90231-6.
Lustig, Rolf (1986). "Geometry of four hard fused spheres in an arbitrary spatial configuration". Mol. Phys. 59 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1986MolPh..59..195L. doi:10.1080/00268978600102011.
Gibson, K. D.; Scheraga, Harold A. (1987). "Volume of the intersection of three spheres of unequal size: a simplified formula". J. Phys. Chem. 91 (15): 4121–4122.
Gibson, K. D.; Scheraga, Harold A. (1987). "Exact calculation of the volume and surface area of fused hard-sphere molecules with unequal atomic radii". Mol. Phys. 62 (5): 1247–1265. Bibcode:1987MolPh..62.1247G. doi:10.1080/00268978700102951.
Petitjean, Michel (1994). "On the analytical calculation of van der Waals surfaces and volumes: some numerical aspects". Int. J. Quant. Chem. 15 (5): 507–523.
Grant, J. A.; Pickup, B. T. (1995). "A Gaussian description of molecular shape". J. Phys. Chem. 99 (11): 3503–3510. doi:10.1021/j100011a016.
Busa, Jan; Dzurina, Jozef; Hayryan, Edik; Hayryan, Shura (2005). "ARVO: A fortran package for computing the solvent accessible surface area and the excluded volume of overlapping spheres via analytic equations". Comp. Phys. Commun. 165: 59–96. Bibcode:2005CoPhC.165...59B. doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2004.08.002.
Li, S. (2011). "Concise Formulas for the Area and Volume of a Hyperspherical Cap". Asian J. Math. Stat. 4 (1): 66–70. doi:10.3923/ajms.2011.66.70. .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spherical caps.

Weisstein, Eric W., "Spherical cap", MathWorld., derivation and some additional formulas
Online calculator for spherical cap volume and area
Summary of spherical formulas

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.