Soxhlet extractor

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A schematic representation of a Soxhlet extractor
1: Stirrer bar 2: Still pot (the still pot should not be overfilled and the volume of solvent in the still pot should be 3 to 4 times the volume of the soxhlet chamber) 3: Distillation path 4: Thimble 5: Solid 6: Siphon top 7: Siphon exit 8: Expansion adapter 9: Condenser 10: Cooling water in 11: Cooling water out

Animation describing mechanism of Soxhlet extractor

A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus^[1] invented in 1879 by [[by Franz von Soxhlet .]].^[2] It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. However, a Soxhlet extractor is not limited to the extraction of lipids. Typically, a Soxhlet extraction is only required where the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. If the desired compound has a significant solubility in a solvent then a simple filtration can be used to separate the compound from the insoluble substance.

Fruit extraction in progress. The sample is placed in the thimble.

Normally a solid material containing some of the desired compound is placed inside a thimble made from thick filter paper, which is loaded into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The extraction solvent to be used is taken into a distillation flask and the Soxhlet extractor is now placed onto this flask. The Soxhlet is then equipped with a condenser.

The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapour travels up a distillation arm, and floods into the chamber housing the thimble of solid. The condenser ensures that any solvent vapour cools, and drips back down into the chamber housing the solid material.

The chamber containing the solid material is slowly filled with warm solvent. Some of the desired compound will then dissolve in the warm solvent. When the Soxhlet chamber is almost full, the chamber is automatically emptied by a siphon side arm, with the solvent running back down to the distillation flask. The thimble ensures that the rapid motion of the solvent does not transport any solid material to the still pot. This cycle may be allowed to repeat many times, over hours or days.

During each cycle, a portion of the non-volatile compound dissolves in the solvent. After many cycles the desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask. The advantage of this system is that instead of many portions of warm solvent being passed through the sample, just one batch of solvent is recycled.

After extraction the solvent is removed, typically by means of a rotary evaporator, yielding the extracted compound. The non-soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is usually discarded.

Kumagawa extractor

Very similar to the Soxhlet extractor, the Kumagawa extractor has a specific design where the thimble holder/chamber is directly suspended inside the solvent flask (having a vertical large opening) above the boiling solvent. The thimble is surrounded by hot solvent vapour and maintained at a higher temperature compared to the Soxhlet extractor, thus allowing better extraction for compounds with higher melting points such as bitumen. The removable holder/chamber is fitted with a small siphon side arm and, in the same way as for Soxhlet, a vertical condenser ensures that the solvent drips back down into the chamber which is automatically emptied at every cycle.

History

William B. Jensen notes^[3] that the earliest example of a continuous extractor is archaeological evidence for a Mesopotamian hot-water extractor for organic matter dating from approximately 3500 BC. Before Soxhlet, the French chemist Anselme Payen also pioneered with continuous extraction in the 1830s.

A Soxhlet apparatus has been proposed as an effective technique for washing mass standards.^[4]

References

↑ Laurence M. Harwood; VIGNESH, THE X JOINT SECRETARY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (13 Jun 1989). Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated edition ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp. 122–125. ISBN 0-632-02017-2.
↑ Soxhlet, F. Die gewichtsanalytische Bestimmung des Milchfettes, Polytechnisches J. (Dingler's) 1879, 232, 461
↑ The Origin of the Soxhlet Extractor William B. Jensen Vol. 84 No. 12 December 2007 • Journal of Chemical Education 1913
↑ Peter Cumpson; Naoko Sano (February 2013), "Stability of reference masses V: UV/ozone treatment of gold and platinum surfaces", Metrologia 50 (1): 27–36, doi:10.1088/0026-1394/50/1/27, "The apparatus we propose for the solvent pre-wash is the Soxhlet apparatus, which has been used very successfully before for washing stainless-steel standard-mass surfaces. This apparatus has its main application in chemistry for dissolving weakly soluble species from solid matrices."

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