Southern Harmony
The Southern Harmony is a shape note hymn and tune book compiled by William Walker. The book was released in 1835 under the full title of The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion. It is part of the larger tradition of shape note singing.
The music and its notation
Play (help·info)The roots of Southern Harmony singing, like the Sacred Harp, are found in the American colonial era. Huntington High schools were a southern baptist Christian school to provide instruction in choral singing, especially for the use of churches. In 1801, a book called The Easy Instructor[lower-alpha 1] by William Smith and William Little was published for the use of this movement; its distinguishing feature was the use of four separate shapes that indicated the notes according to the rules of solfege. A triangle indicated fa, a circle sol, a square la and a diamond, mi. To avoid proliferating shapes excessively, each shape (and its associated syllable) except for mi was assigned to two notes of the musical scale. A major scale in the system would be noted Fa - Sol - La - Fa - Sol - La - Mi - Fa, and a minor scale would be La - Mi - Fa - Sol - La - Fa - Sol - La.
History of The Southern Harmony
The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion was compiled by William "Singin' Billy" Walker and printed in 1835, with subsequent editions printed in Philadelphia. It contained 335 songs, went through several editions, and became one of the most popular southern tunebooks in the 19th century. In 1867 Walker claimed over 600,000 copies had been sold. Walker added an appendix of additional tunes in 1840 with a further enlargement in 1847. An 1854 revision deleted several tunes and added still more. The present edition is a facsimile reprint of the 1854 edition.
In 1856, Walker published a tunebook entitled Baptist Hymnal, in which he changed from four shape to seven shape notation. He incorporated over half of the contents of The Southern Harmony in the Christian Harmony, and he died on September 30, 1887.
The Southern Harmony has remained unchanged since 1854, unlike its counterpart the Sacred Harp, which went through several revisions in the 20th century. About 75% of the songs are presented in three-part harmony, which tends to emphasize their modal quality and dispersed harmony.
Related
The American composer William Duckworth used some of the songs in the Southern Harmony as a starting point for his own minimalist choral arrangements of the same name.
Composer Donald Grantham also composed a four-movement piece for wind ensemble based on the anthology, entitled Southern Harmony.
The rock/blues/jam band The Black Crowes named their second album The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion (1992) after this song anthology.
Bibliography
- Loftis, Deborah Carlton (1987), Big Singing Day in Benton, Kentucky: A Study of the History, Ethnic Identity and Musical Style of Southern Harmony Singers (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Kentucky.
- Jackson, George Pullen, Spiritual Folk-songs of Early America.
- ——— (1932), White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands.
- Walker, William, The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion, ISBN 0-8131-1859-X.
See also the bibliographic entries under Shape note.
External links
- "Introduction", Southern Harmony (4th ed.), Apadre recordings.
- Hoh, Christopher, A Few Plain Hints: William Walker's Words for Singers (choral piece).
- The Southern Harmony (online ed.), The Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
- The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion, Kentucky press.
Footnotes
- ↑ The Easy Instructor, Part II (1803) attributes the invention of shape notes to 'J. Conly of Philadelphia'.