Slavery in Vietnam

The practice of slavery in Vietnam persisted since Chinese rule over Vietnam until the French colonial era. Vietnam has been both a source and a destination for slaves.

Chinese rule

During the Chinese domination of Vietnam Vietnam was known as Nam Viet. During this period Vietnamese girls were sold as sex slaves to the Chinese.^[1] The poet Yuan Chen wrote a poem which contained the line "Slave girls of Viet (Yüeh), sleek of buttery flesh". A large trade developed where the native girls of Nam Viet were enslaved and brought north to the Chinese.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]} Southern Yue girls were sexually eroticized in Chinese literature and in poems written by Chinese who were exiled to the south.^[8]

Medieval era

The Vietnamese enslaved enemy prisoners of war including the Chinese and Cham.

Ly dynasty

During the Lý Dynasty Vietnam raided Song dynasty China to enslave Chinese, who were forced to serve in the Vietnamese army as soldiers.^[9] Vietnamese Buddhist Temples received Cham slaves who were prisoners of war.^[10]

Le dynasty

After the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) Cham prisoners were given as slaves to Vietnamese estates.^[11] They were all eventually ordered to be killed due to a royal order.^[12][13]

Emperor Lê Thánh Tông was aggressive in his relations with foreign countries including China and Malacca and cracked down on foreign trade and contacts, enforcing an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during his reign. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam instead of actually being blown off course by the wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on illegal foreign trade by Vietnam.^{[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]} Records show that the Vietnamese performed castration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.^{[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]} The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Any facial hair such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's.^[29] The eunuchs served as slaves to the Vietnamese palace women in the harem like the consorts, concubines, maids, Queen, and Princesses, doing most of the work.^{[30][31][32][33][34][35]} The only man allowed in the Palace was the Emperor, the only others allowed were his women and the eunuchs since they were not able to have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to do work for the palace women like massaging and applying make up to the women and preparing them for sex with the Emperor.^{[36][37][38][39]}

Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.^{[40][41][42][43][44]}

A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that when some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries.^{[45][46][47][48]} China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.^[49][50]

A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, during the Chenghua Emperor's rule (1447 - 1487) . Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest, Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected for castration since he was the only young man and he became a eunuch attendant at the Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long. After years of service, he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam. A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.^{[51][52][53][54][55]}

The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.^{[56][57][58][59][60]} This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.^[52]

Nguyen lords rule

The Dutch in Taiwan owned Quinamese slaves (from Quang Nam Province).^[61][62]

Nguyen dynasty

The Vietnamese enslaved "barbarian" uplanders in Cochinchina.^[63]

Modern era

Since the 1980s, some women from Vietnam have become victims of kidnapping, the bride-buying trade, and human trafficking and prostitution in China.^[64] The present-day struggle of the Vietnamese female victims of "bride-brokers" can be summarized by the larger-than-life poem known as the "The Tale of Kieu," which narrates the story of a female protagonist of Vietnam who was purchased by foreigners and was violated, yet kept fighting back against her captors and offenders.^[64]

Human traffickers, such as in Bangkok, trick, kidnap and detain the women for the purpose of raping them, making them surrogate mothers, and selling their babies to clients in Taiwan.^[65] Other Vietnamese women and, most of the time, their children as well, can become stateless persons as a result of failed interracial marriages^[66] because by marrying non-Vietnamese men, the Vietnamese bride usually has to renounce her Vietnamese citizenship. Such immigration-related or repatriation problems happen when the marriage fails before the immigration status of the women and children were formalized. Failed interracial marriages between foreigners and Vietnamese women occur in Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.^[66]

See also

• History of slavery in Asia

References

Further reading

• Journal of Southeast Asian studies, Volume 37, Issue 1. 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
• Forbes, Andrew. "An Intimate Affair: Vietnam's Love-Hate Relationship With China". cpa media. cpa media. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Vietnam Past and Present: The North. Cognoscenti Books. ISBN 1300568070. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• S. Abramson, Marc (2011). Ethnic Identity in Tang China. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812201019. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Cartier, Carolyn (2011). Globalizing South China. Volume 91 of RGS-IBG Book Series. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1444399241. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Chiu Hsin-Hui (2008). The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 - 1662. Volume 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 900416507X. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James, eds. (2011). The Tongking Gulf Through History (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812243366. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
• Kiernan, Ben (2008). Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. ISBN 052285477X. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Lary, Diana (2007). Diana Lary, ed. The Chinese State at the Borders (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. ISBN 0774813334. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 
• Li, Tana (1998). Cornell University. Southeast Asia Program, ed. Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Issue 23 of Studies on Southeast Asia) (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277222. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Nguyen, Cuong Tu, ed. (1997). Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of the Thiè̂n Uyẻ̂n Tập Anh. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824819489. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela, eds. (2003). Racism: A Global Reader (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765610590. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). The Vermilion Bird. University of California Press. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Schafer, Edward H. (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics. Volume 742 of History: University of California Press (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela, eds. (1995). Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts (Issue 19 of Studies on Southeast Asia) (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277184. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
• Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996). The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan) (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791426874. Retrieved 5 January 2013. 
• Wade, Geoff (2005), Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, retrieved 2012-11-06 
• Bui Van Bao (2000). Việt Sử Bằng Tranh(Illustrated History of Vietnam). Nhà Xuất Bản Việt Long. Archived from the original on |archiveurl= requires |archivedate= (help). Retrieved 5 January 2013.