Singarigharutha ceremony

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Singarigharutha was the traditional Tai-Ahom ceremony of coronation of the Ahom kings of Assam. During the period of Ahom supremacy in Assam, Singarigharutha ceremony had important constitutional significance. In those days it was believed that even though an Ahom prince became king, he could not attain the status of full-fledged monarch until his Singarigharutha ceremony was completely performed.[1] Therefore each Ahom rulers after their accession to the throne tried to organize the Singarigharutha ceremony as soon as possible. But it was not as easy since the ceremony was very expensive and there were records when some of the Ahom kings had to postpone the ceremony owing to emergency situations or due to financial crisis of the state.

Origin of the Ceremony

The Singarigharutha ceremony was first observed by the Ahom King Sudangphaa, popularly known as Bamuni Konwar. Sudangphaa came to throne in 1397 CE. He transferred his capital from Charaideo to Charguwa. In the new capital, Sudangphaa organized the Singarigharutha ceremony, a Tai-Ahom ceremony of coronation and claimed the mandate of Heaven to rule the Ahom Kingdom as a descendant of Lengdon or Indra, the Lord of Heaven and Earth. From that time onwards, the following Ahom Kings performed the Singarigharutha ceremony as the main event of their coronations. The ceremony was termed as Singarigharutha because the woods of Singari tree were used to construct the main platform in which the King used to sit during the procedure of the ceremony.[2] Most of the Ahom rulers preferred to perform the Singarigharutha ceremony in Charaideo, which was considered very sacred by the Tai-Ahom community of Assam, since the reign of the first Ahom King Sukaphaa.

The Procedures of the Ceremony

In order to perform the ceremony, the king, at first, use to consult the Tai-Ahom priests and astrologers, the Deodhai and Bailungs, and an auspicious day was fixed for observing the ceremony. On the day of ceremony, the King, wearing the Somdeo, or image of his tutelary deity, and carrying in his hand the Hengdan or ancestral sword, proceeded on a male elephant, followed by his Chief Queen in a female elephant, to Charaideo, where he planted a pipal tree (ficus religiosa).[3][4] The royal couple next entered the Patghar, where the presiding priest poured a libation of water over the King and his Chief Queen. Some Ahom chronicles stated that two person of common origin were selected and placed under the bamboo platform. When consecrated water was poured over the royal couple, the water fell on the persons below. The two persons who were placed under the bamboo platform were presented with gifts of gold and silver coins and then they were exiled far from the Capital, sometime even exiled from the kingdom, as it was believed that all the evil or ill omens of the new King and Queen will leave along with these people. Such people were called Neusa-Jua which literally means the one who takes away the evils or ill omens along with him. It was noted that in olden days descendants of Neusa-Jua people were found in Goalpara district.[5] After which the royal couple took their seats in the Solongghar, on a bamboo platform, under which were placed a man and a specimen of every procurable animal. Consecrated water was poured over the royal couple and fell on the animals below. Then, having been bathed, they entered the Singarighar and took their seats on a throne and the leading nobles came up and offered their presents and homage.[6] New money was coined, and gratuities were given to the principal officers of the State and to religious mendicants. The presents to the officers consisted of gold earrings, gold bangles and gold embroidered cloths. Deodhai-Bailungs were offered gold earrings, embroidered cloths, girdles, and long clocks, and silver, gold, cowries and cloths to the children and the people at large. On that day, the prisoners convicted with minor crimes were released from the prison. The king and his chief queen use to stay in the Singarighar for one full day and night.[7] In the evening, there was a feast in which the king attended with his council of minister and noble.[8] There use to be a custom that when the king sat on the royal throne engraved with dragons, with the image of Somdeo hanging down in his neck, the four principal ministers, Burhagohain, Borgohain, Borpatrogohain and Borbarua use to hold the four pillars or supports of the throne, signifying their importance and their support to the king.[9][10] The image of Somdeo was considered very sacred to the Tai-Ahom royalty and very rarely it was exposed to common masses. During the Singarigharutha ceremony, the image of Somdeo was shown to the Ahom nobles, to which they use to kneel down nine times. When the king came down from the dragon engraved throne which consisted of nine steps, the ministers and nobles use to salute the king for seven times. After this the king was required to perform sacrifices to the gods.[11] Before the reign of Swargadeo Rudra Singha it had been the custom for the new king, before entering the Singarighar, to kill a man with his ancestral sword or Hengdan, but the monarch caused a buffalo to be substituted, and the example thus set was followed by all his successors.[12][13] When a king is consecrated he attained the status of a full-fledged monarch. The festivities and amusements continued for seven days. On the eighth day, the image of Somdeo was returned to its shrine in the manner in which it was first brought and the king returned to the Capital, along with his family and nobles.[14] During the next thirty days the tributary rulers and State officials who had not been present at the installation were expected to come in and do homage and tender their presents to the new king.

Historical Significance of Singarigharutha ceremony

Singarigharutha ceremony occupied an important place in the history of Ahom Kingdom. Records existed that the Ahom kings and the nobles held special respect and importance to this ceremony. In some religious ceremonies, the rank of the kings who had performed the Singarigharutha ceremony and the kings who had not were different. One event which occurred during the reign of Swargadeo Chandrakanta Singha in early 19th century, clearly showed the significance of the Singarigharutha ceremony. During Ahom rule in Assam, the Shraddha or the death anniversary of the previous Kings were observed annually according to Tai-Ahom traditional rituals.[15] A tribute of rice beer and other items were offered in decorated plates to all the former kings of Ahom kingdom. Chandrakanta Singha visited one of these rituals to offer his respect to the previous Ahom kings. Chandrakanta Singha then noticed that one plate was placed separately from other plates during the religious ceremony. When he enquired about this to the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain, the Premier replied that that plate was offered to Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha and the reason of placing it in separate rank was because Kamaleswar Singha could not perform the Singarigharutha ceremony during his reign due to financial constrain of the State. Therefore Kamaleswar Singha could not be placed in the same rank with the kings who had performed the Singarigharutha ceremony. Purnananda Burhagohain also explained that owing to financial constrain the Singarigharutha ceremony of Chandrakanta Singha could not be performed at the time of his accession. Chandrakanta Singha became anxious and began to put pressure on the Premier to perform his Singarigharutha ceremony, which later became a cause of conflict between the King and the Prime Minister.[16] Ambassadors from neighbouring kingdoms of Cachar and Jaintia and representatives of neighbouring hill tribes also visit this occasion to pay their respect to the Ahom monarch. Sometime the ambassadors were granted special privilege to witness the main events of the ceremony along with the festivals and amusements associated with it, as a sign of strengthening the friendly relations with neighbouring kingdoms and tribes.[17]

Conclusion

Singarigharutha ceremony also signifies the fact that even though the Ahom rulers of Assam adopted Hinduism, the significance of the Tai-Ahom religious customs and practices was still at large during Ahom period. The Tai-Ahom priests and astrologers, the Deodhais and the Bailungs occupied important position in the Royal court of Ahom kingdom till the very end. It was because of their efforts and influence on the Royal court, Kings and nobles continued to pay their respect to the ancient customs and religious ceremonies of the Tai-Ahom community during the period of Ahom supremacy in Assam.

Notes

  1. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 412
  2. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 38-39
  3. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 412
  4. ↑ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 page 235
  5. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 413
  6. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 414
  7. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 414
  8. ↑ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 page 235
  9. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 414
  10. ↑ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681-1826) 1968 page 46
  11. ↑ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681-1826) 1968 page 137
  12. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 413
  13. ↑ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 page 235
  14. ↑ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681-1826) 1968 page 47
  15. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 414
  16. ↑ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 291-292
  17. ↑ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681-1826) 1968 page 47-48

References

  • Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681-1826) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati
  • Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
  • Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink & Co Calcutta

See also

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