Sexing
Through sexing, biologists and agricultural workers determine the gender of livestock and other animals they work with. The specialized trade of chicken sexing has a particular importance in the poultry industry.
Assisted physical sexing is a relevant issue in vertebrates with cloacae (e.g. birds, reptiles or amphibians) when there is no external sexual dimorphism. In veterinary practice, fibroscopy is used under general anaesthesia in birds such as parrots.
Molecular sexing is a set of techniques that use DNA for determining gender in wild or domestic species (population studies, farming, genetics) or humans (archaeology, forensic medicine). Markers commonly used include amelogenin, SRY and ZFX/ZFY. Various techniques have been developed using simple polymerase chain reaction product size dimorphism, presence/absence, restriction dimorphism, or even sequencing.