September 1972

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The following events occurred in September 1972:

September 1, 1972 (Friday)

  • In the 21st game of chess for the World Chess Championship 1972, Bobby Fischer of the United States won the title, as defending champ Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union resigned. Under a system of one point for a win and ½ for a draw, the first to get 12½ points would win the matches played at Reykjavík, Iceland. Fischer's prize money was $154,677.50.[1]
  • The United States formally dropped all claims to the Swan Islands and recognized the sovereignty of Honduras over the disputed territory.[2]
  • Raul Sendic, leader of the Uruguayan guerilla group the Tupamaros, was captured after a shootout.[3]
  • A fire at the Blue Bird Cafe in Montreal killed 36 people. The blaze was set by three men who had been kicked out of the club earlier in the evening.[4]

September 2, 1972 (Saturday)

September 3, 1972 (Sunday)

  • The elections for the Khmer Republic's 126-member National Assembly took place. Because of a presidential decree designed to give President Lon Nol's Social Republican Party an advantage, the other parties withdrew from participating. The Socio-Republicans won all 126 seats on what was claimed to be a 78% turnout.[7]

September 4, 1972 (Monday)

  • Bob Barker began a 35-year run as host of one of America's most popular game shows, as The New Price Is Right was shown for the first time on CBS. Barker hosted the show (later simply The Price Is Right) until June 15, 2007.
  • Mark Spitz became the first competitor to win seven medals at a single Olympic Games, swimming as part of the American team in the 400 meter relay.

September 5, 1972 (Tuesday)

  • Munich Massacre: While the 1972 Summer Olympics were in progress, eight members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September broke into the Olympic Village in Munich, killed two members of Israel's Olympic team, and took nine others hostage.[8] A rescue attempt the next day would end in disaster.
  • Died: Yossef Romano, 32, Israeli weightlifter; Moshe Weinberg, 33, Israeli wrestling coach

September 6, 1972 (Wednesday)

September 7, 1972 (Thursday)

  • Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave scientists at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre the go-ahead to manufacture India's first nuclear bomb. India became the world's fifth nuclear power with the successful explosion of the bomb on May 18, 1974.[10]
  • The Soviet Union's Council of Ministers issued a directive to amend Section 74 of the Soviet Regulations on Communications, providing that "The use of telephonic communications ... for aims contrary to the interest of the State and to public order is forbidden." Under the regulation, telephone service was disconnected for dissidents without formally charging them with a crime.[11]

September 8, 1972 (Friday)

  • Munich Massacre: In retaliation for the killing of nine Israeli Olympic athletics, Israel's air force bombed Palestinian strongholds in Syria and Lebanon.[12]
  • Born: Os du Randt, South African rugby union player

September 9, 1972 (Saturday)

  • A link between Kentucky's Mammoth Cave and the adjacent Flint Ridge Cave System was discovered by explorers from the Cave Research Foundation, creating the longest-cave passageway in the world, 144.4 miles from one end to the other.[13]
  • At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, the American men's basketball team, which had 64 victories and no defeats since the sport was added in 1936, lost to the Soviet Union, 51–50, on a shot at the buzzer by Alexander Belov. The U.S. team had been ahead, 50–49, when time first ran out, but Olympic officials added three seconds to the clock.[14] The Soviets won the gold medal, and the Americans voted unanimously to refuse the silver medal.
  • The three American television networks introduced their new cartoon schedules on the same morning. Among the new series being shown for the first time were Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids.
  • Charles B. DeBellevue became the last American flying ace, registering a fifth and sixth shootdown, the most during the Vietnam War.[15]
  • Born: Natasha Kaplinsky, British news anchor, in Brighton

September 10, 1972 (Sunday)

  • Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi won the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and became, at age 25, the youngest Formula One world champion.
  • Frank Shorter of the United States won the marathon at the Olympic games in Munich, finishing with a time of 2:12:19.8[16]
  • The United States used its Veto Power for only the second time since the formation of the United Nations in 1945, killing a U.N. resolution that demanded a halt to Israel's reprisals against Palestinian guerillas in Syria and Lebanon.[17]
  • Born: Ghada Shouaa, Syrian Olympic gold medalist (1996, heptathlon), in Mhardeh, and Rio Tahara, Japanese snowboarder, in Nagano

September 11, 1972 (Monday)

  • The Bay Area Rapid Transit System, more commonly known by the acronym BART, began operation on a 28 mile run between Oakland and Fremont, and would later expand to connect San Francisco and other points in the area.[18]
  • At the request of White House aide John Ehrlichman, John Dean met with IRS Commissioner Johnnie Walters and gave him a list of 490 individuals to investigate. Walters consulted with Treasury Secretary Schultz the next day, who directed him to do nothing.[19]

September 12, 1972 (Tuesday)

  • Nearly four years after it was proposed by President Nixon, the federal revenue sharing plan, which would transfer $5.3 billion of U.S. government revenues to state and local governments, was approved by the Senate, 64–20. The measure had passed the House, 275–122, on June 22.[20]
  • The attack on two British fishing trawlers, by the Icelandic gunboat ICGV Aegir, triggered the second Cod War between the UK and Iceland.[21][22]
  • The television show Maude premiered on CBS-TV at 8:00 pm, opposite the premiere on ABC of Temperatures Rising.
  • Born: Budi Putra, Indonesian journalist, in Payakumbuh

September 13, 1972 (Wednesday)

  • Fifty-four North Korean members of its Red Cross delegation crossed the border at Panmunjom at 10:00 a.m. and were welcomed by their South Korean counterparts, in the first visit North Korean officials since the end of the Korean War.[23]
  • More than 30 people, mostly schoolchildren, drowned when a ferry across the Kerian River (in Malaysia's Perak state) capsized. Some children were able to swim to safety, but most drowned in 40-foot-deep (12 m) waters.[24]
  • Born: Kelly Chen (Vivian Chen Wai Man), Hong Kong singer

September 14, 1972 (Thursday)

  • Pope Paul VI issued a motu proprio, rejecting calls to allow women to have any formal ministerial role in the Roman Catholic Church. "In accordance with the venerable tradition of the Church," the Pope proclaimed, "installation in the ministries of lector and acolyte is reserved to men."[25]
  • More than 33 years after the outbreak of World War II, West Germany and Poland restored diplomatic relations. East Germany had been an ally of Poland since that nation's establishment in 1949.
  • The Waltons, based on producer Earl Hamner's reminiscences of his rural childhood, began a ten-season run on CBS. The setting was the fictional "Jefferson County, Virginia" in the 1930s.[26]
  • Born: Notah Begay III, American Indian golfer

September 15, 1972 (Friday)

  • A federal grand jury indicted the five Watergate burglars, along with E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy.[27] On the same day, White House staff attorney John Dean met with President Nixon for the first time. In the meeting, which lasted from 5:27 to 6:17, and discussed the covering up of the White House role in the Watergate break-in. Dean would testify about his memory of the discussion at the Watergate hearings on June 25, 1973, unaware that Oval Office conversations were all recorded at Nixon's request. Nixon, Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, and Dean, discussed plans to take revenge on the President's enemies. "They are asking for it and they are going to get it," commented Nixon, adding "We haven't used the Bureau and we haven't used the Justice Department, but things are going to change now. They're going to get it right."[28]
  • South Vietnam's army regained control of the city of Quang Tri, more than three months after the provincial capital had been captured by North Vietnamese forces.[29]
  • Born: Jimmy Carr, British comedian, in Hounslow
  • Died: Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1887)

September 16, 1972 (Saturday)

  • At least 103 people were killed in the collapse of the Colgante Bridge, during the festival at of Our Lady of Peñafrancia, near Naga City in the Philippines. At 4:30 in the afternoon, the wooden bridge fell apart under the weight of spectators, plunging people and debris into the Bicol River.[30]
  • The Bob Newhart Show began a successful seven season run on CBS, giving the master of the telephone monologue a situation comedy role as Chicago psychologist Dr. Robert Hartley. A variety show of the same name appeared on NBC from 1961 to 1962.[31]
  • "Deep Throat" (later revealed to be FBI Associate Director W. Mark Felt) listened over the telephone to reporter Bob Woodward's draft of a story on Watergate and confirmed an anonymous tip that money from Maurice Stans had been used to finance the Watergate break-in.[32]

September 17, 1972 (Sunday)

  • The television series M*A*S*H began an eleven season run, eight years longer than the Korean War which provided its setting.[33]
  • In the first release of prisoners of war since 1969, North Vietnam released three American POWs. Navy Lieutenants. Norris Charles and Markham Gartley, and Air Force Major Edward Elias were provided civilian clothes and then allowed to stay in Hanoi with an American welcoming team. Another 539 American POWs remained in captivity, and more than 1,000 Americans listed as missing in action were unaccounted for.[34]
  • Uganda was invaded, from Tanzania, by 1,000 soldiers of the "Uganda People's Militia".[35] The Ugandan Army repelled the invasion after two weeks of fighting.

September 18, 1972 (Monday)

  • Former Japanese Foreign Minister Zentaro Kosaka verbally apologized at a banquet in Beijing for Japan's atrocities against China prior to and during World War II.[36]

September 19, 1972 (Tuesday)

  • A parcel bomb sent to the Israeli Embassy in London killed Ami Schachori, the agricultural attaché, who was scheduled to return home after four years abroad. Another bomb arrived at the Israeli Embassy in Paris later in the day, but was disarmed. Both packages had been sent from Amesterdam.[37] Other packages were delivered the next day in New York and Montreal, and defused.
  • Oakland A's used 30 players in a 15-inning game against the Cubs (MLB record)
  • Born Ashot Nadanian, Armenian chess player, in Baku
  • Died Robert Casadesus, 73, French pianist

September 20, 1972 (Wednesday)

  • Britain's ratification of the Treaty of Accession to the Common Market was completed.[38]
  • Floyd Patterson's comeback attempt came to an end with a bout against Muhammad Ali. Patterson, the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1956 to 1959, and 1961 to 1962, had been attempting to regain his crown since 1970. The fight was stopped in the seventh round after Ali opened a cut over Patterson's eye.[39]

September 21, 1972 (Thursday)

September 22, 1972 (Friday)

  • Hexachlorophene, an anti-bacterial compound that had been a popular additive in skin cleansers, cosmetics, deodorants, toothpastes and baby powder, was banned by the Food and Drug Administration except for prescription use. FDA studies had concluded that HCP caused brain damage in infants, and ordered immediate removal of baby powder with more than 0.75% HCP, and directed that cleansers with 3% concentration could be sold only by prescription.[43]
  • Willy Brandt called for a vote of confidence in his government, one he expected to lose, as a pretext for new parliamentary elections.[44]

September 23, 1972 (Saturday)

  • At an annual meeting of the International Monetary Fund, U.S. Treasury Secretary George P. Schultz unveiled a proposal for "SDRs"—Special Drawing Rights—to replace gold reserves as the asset to which the world currencies would be tied.[45]
  • Julius Erving is remembered for playing for the Philadelphia 76ers, the New York Nets and even the Virginia Squires, but his first NBA game was actually for the Atlanta Hawks, for whom he played in an exhibition against the ABA's Kentucky Colonels, in a 112–99 win in Frankfort, Kentucky. Erving played another exhibition for the NBA Hawks before returning to the ABA.[46]
  • "Moo-la the Cow" was unveiled in Stephenville, Texas, honoring the local dairy industry.[47]
  • A 15-year old boy in Waldport, Oregon, was killed, and two other people injured, after being struck by lightning.[48] Though he was carrying a box, containing 135 sticks of dynamite, the box did not explode, contrary to some repetitions[49]
  • Thirty-one people were killed in a fire at the Oscar restaurant on the Greek island of Rhodes, after a short circuit set fire to bamboo paneling. Most of the dead were Scandinavian tourists.[50]
  • Born: Karl Pilkington, British TV and radio personality, in Manchester

September 24, 1972 (Sunday)

  • An F-86 fighter aircraft crashed into a Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour in Sacramento, killing 12 children and 11 adults. The store, located across a highway from the edge of an airport runway, had at least 100 people inside at the time.[51]
  • Japan's Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka arrived in Beijing, where he was welcomed by China's Premier, Zhou Enlai.[52]

September 25, 1972 (Monday)

  • Norwegian EC referendum, 1972: In deciding whether to approve Norway's entry into the Common Market, voters rejected the Treaty of Accession. The final vote was 1,118,281 "Nei" and 971,687 "Ja". On November 28, 1994, voters rejected a second proposal to join the European Community.[53]
  • Japan's Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka arrived in the People's Republic of China to restore relations between the Japanese and Chinese people, and to make amends for Japan's atrocities, including the Rape of Nanking.[54]
  • Died: Alejandra Pizarnik, 36 Argentine poet (suicide)

September 26, 1972 (Tuesday)

  • Following a 342–34 approval by the House of Representatives, the bill creating the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children) was signed into law by President Nixon.[55]
  • Rebel forces crossed from North Yemen to attack South Yemen.[56]
  • North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho dropped demands that South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu be removed from office as a condition for ending the Vietnam War, a breakthrough in peace negotiations.[57]
  • The first exhibition game for the new World Hockey Association took place in Quebec City, between two of the four teams that would eventually be admitted to the National Hockey League. The New England Whalers beat the Quebec Nordiques, 4–1.[58]
  • Money, the monthly personal finance magazine published by Time, Inc., was introduced on newsstands, with the first issue being dated for October 1972.[59]

September 27, 1972 (Wednesday)

  • Canada banned the sale and use of firecrackers.[60]
  • In Fort Lauderdale, Susan Place, 17, and Georgia Jessup, 16, went with their friend, "Jerry Shepard", on a trip "to the beach to play the guitar". Their remains were found seven months later, the first known victims of serial killer Gerard Schaefer. Schaefer had been dismissed from the office of the Martin County, Florida Sheriff's Department earlier in the year, and was awaiting trial after a failed kidnapping, on July 22, of two other teenage girls.[61]
  • Born: Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress, 1998 Oscar winner for Best Actress (Shakespeare in Love), in Los Angeles
  • Died: S. R. Ranganathan, 81, pioneering Indian librarian, and Rory Storm, 33, British musician

September 28, 1972 (Thursday)

  • With Paul Henderson scoring the winning goal past goalie Vladislav Tretiak, the Canadian national men's hockey team defeated the Soviet national ice hockey team in Game 8 of the 1972 Summit Series (La Série du Siècle), 6–5, to win the series 4–3–1.[62]
  • After 66 years, the United States Secretary of the Army cleared the records of the black soldiers involved in the Brownsville Affair. The 167 members of the 25th United States Regiment had been dishonorably discharged after being accused of complicity in the shooting of two white men in Brownsville, Texas.[63] Following the publication of John D. Weaver's book The Brownsville Raid, in 1970, the U.S. Army reopened the investigation of the incident and concluded that the men had been innocent.[64]

September 29, 1972 (Friday)

  • Vasil Mzhavanadze, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian SSR, and Soviet Georgia's de facto leader, was removed from his job by the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee. Mzhavadnadze retained his post as a full member of the Politburo, but was replaced as the Georgian leader by Eduard Shevardnadze.[65]
  • Sino-Japanese relations: Under a Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China, Japan, normalized diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan). On August 12, 1978, the two nations formally ended their state of war with a peace treaty.
  • In a story headlined "Mitchell Controlled Secret GOP Fund", Washington Post investigative reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward broke the story that "while serving as U.S. Attorney General, Mitchell personally controlled a secret Republican fund that was used to gather information about the Democrats, according to sources involved in the Watergate investigation."[66]
  • The eight member nations of the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) officially adopted the METEOSAT programme, providing for European launched meteorological satellites.[67]

September 30, 1972 (Saturday)

  • Roberto Clemente made his 3,000th hit, which would also prove to be his very last. Clemente was killed in a plane crash at the end of the year.[68]
  • Dr. Irving Selikoff of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine addressed the annual National Cancer Conference in Los Angeles, and announced the increase in cases of mesothelioma among men who had been exposed to asbestos 30 years earlier during World War II.[69]
  • Born: Shaan (Shantanu Mukherjee), Indian singer, in Khandwa

References

  1. ↑ "Bobby Fischer Wins World Chess Crown", Oakland Tribune, September 1, 1972, p1
  2. ↑ Erik W. Austin and Jerome M. Clubb, Political Facts of the United States Since 1789 (Columbia University Press, 1986), p79
  3. ↑ William C. Davis, Warnings From the Far South: Democracy versus Dictatorship in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile (Praeger 1995), p46
  4. ↑ "Club Fire Toll Now 36", Oakland Tribune, September 4, 1972, p1
  5. ↑ Bruce Weber, As They See 'em: A Fan's Travels in the Land of Umpires (Simon & Schuster, 2009), p31; "Close, But No Cigar For Pappas", San Antonio Express/News, September 3, 1972, pC-3
  6. ↑ Amos J. Peaslee and Dorothy Peaslee, International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents (Nijhoff, 1974), p302
  7. ↑ Sorpong Peou, Intervention & Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy? (St. Martin's Press, 2000), p53
  8. ↑ "Terror Grips the Olympic Games", Oakland Tribune, September 5, 1972, p1
  9. ↑ "Olympic Resume Under Pall Caused By 17 Deaths", Oakland Tribune, September 6, 1972, p1
  10. ↑ George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (University of California Press, 1999), pp171–172
  11. ↑ "The Case of Ida Nudel", by Jerome E. Singer and Isaac Elkind, in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1979 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1979), p307
  12. ↑ "Syria, Lebanon Hit By Israeli Bombers", Oakland Tribune, September 8, 1972, p1
  13. ↑ James D. Borden and Roger W. Brucker, Beyond Mammoth Cave: A Tale of Obesession in the World's Longest Cave (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), p4)
  14. ↑ "Foul claimed after U.S. hoop loss", Syracuse Herald-American, September 10, 1972, p71
  15. ↑ R. Frank Futrell, United States Air Force in Southeast Asia 1965–1973: Aces and Aerial Victories (Air University, Headquarters USAF), pp. 93–105
  16. ↑ "Shorter Gives U.S. Marathon Gold", Star-News (Pasadena, CA), September 11, 1972, p24
  17. ↑ "U.S. Veto Kills Slap At Israel", Oakland Tribune, September 11, 1972, p1
  18. ↑ "BART Trains Roll; 'Off to a Good Start'", Oakland Tribune, September 11, 1972, p1
  19. ↑ The Senate Watergate Report (1974), p214
  20. ↑ A. James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Brookings Institution, 1981), p163
  21. ↑ "First cod war incident", Windsor (ON) Star, September 6, 1972, p52
  22. ↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. 
  23. ↑ Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (Basic Books, 2001), p27
  24. ↑ "Ferry Capsizes, Children Perish", Salt Lake Tribune, September 14, 1972, pA-13
  25. ↑ "Pope Bars Women in Ministry", Oakland Tribune, September 14, 1972, p1
  26. ↑ James E. Person, Jr., Earl Hamner: From Walton's Mountain to Tomorrow: A Biography (Cumberland House Publishing, 2005), p75
  27. ↑ Louis Liebovich, Richard Nixon, Watergate, and the Press: A Historical Retrospective (Praeger, 2003), p66
  28. ↑ Michael A. Genovese, The Watergate Crisis (Greenwood Press, 1999), p24; transcript
  29. ↑ "South Viets Recapture Quang Tri", Oakland Tribune, September 15, 1972, p1
  30. ↑ "More than 100 die in bridge collapse", Tucson Daily Citizen, September 18, 1972, p2
  31. ↑ James S. Olson, Historical Dictionary of the 1970s (Greenwood Press, 1999), p55
  32. ↑ Leonard Garment, In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time (Basic Books, 2001), p122
  33. ↑ David Scott Diffrient, M*A*S*H (Wayne State University Press, 2008), p43
  34. ↑ "3 Released POWs Await Trip Home", Oakland Tribune, September 18, 1972, p1
  35. ↑ "Invasion by Tanzania Claimed by Uganda", Salt Lake Tribune, September 18, 1972, p1
  36. ↑ Caroline Rose, Sino-Japanese Relations: Facing the Past, Looking to the Future? (Routledge, 2005), p49
  37. ↑ "Bombs Sent To Israelis' Envoy Killed", Oakland Tribune, September 19, 1972, p1
  38. ↑ J.A.S. Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein, The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide With Texts, Volume 2 (Taylor & Francis, 2001)
  39. ↑ Peter Heller, "In this corner ...!": Forty-two World Champions Tell Their Stories (Da Capo Press, 1994), p338
  40. ↑ Full Text – Proclamation 1081
  41. ↑ Strike Out wins Little Brown Jug
  42. ↑ A.B.K. Kasozi, The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994), p114]
  43. ↑ "FDA Bans Danger Drug HCP", Oakland Tribune, September 22, 1972, p1
  44. ↑ Donald P. Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (Duke University Press, 1997) p118
  45. ↑ "U.S. Asks 'Paper Gold' for World", Oakland Tribune, September 26, 1972, p1
  46. ↑ Vincent M. Mallozzi, Doc: The Rise and Rise of Julius Erving (Wiley, 2009) pp80–81
  47. ↑ Jerome Pohlen, Oddball Texas: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places (Chicago Review Press, 2006), p. 56
  48. ↑ "Youth is Hit By Lightning", The Spokesman Review (Spokane, WA), September 25, 1972, p1
  49. ↑ For example, The Gardner's Almanac (High Tide Press, 1997), which says that a man "was blown to smithereens"
  50. ↑ "Fire Rips Restaurant; 31 Killed" Nevada State Journal (Reno, NV), September 25, 1972, p1
  51. ↑ "22 Die as Jet Crashes Into Ice Cream Parlor", Star-News (Pasadena, CA), September 25, 1972, p1; "Crash at Farrell's". Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  52. ↑ "Japan, China OK Peace Pact", Oakland Tribune, September 28, 1972, p1
  53. ↑ Alyson J.K. Bailes, et al., eds., The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy (Oxford University Press, 2006), p101
  54. ↑ Qingxin Ken Wang, Hegemonic Cooperation and Conflict: Postwar Japan's China Policy and the United States (Praeger 2000), p168
  55. ↑ Steven G. Livingston, Student's Guide to Landmark Congressional Laws on Social Security and Welfare (Greenwood Press, 2002), p183
  56. ↑ F. Gregory Gause, Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence (Columbia University Press, 1990), p98
  57. ↑ Timothy J. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam (University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p107
  58. ↑ "Quebec Wins", Winnipeg Free Press, September 27, 1972, p63
  59. ↑ "Time Inc. to Print 'Money'" Bryan (Texas) Times, September 27, 1972, p3
  60. ↑ Mark Kearney and Randy Ray, The Great Canadian Book of Lists: Greatest, Sexiest, Strangest, Best, Worst, Highest, Lowest, Largest (Hounslow Press, 1999), p107
  61. ↑ Yvonne Mason, Silent Scream (Lulu.com, 2008), pp42–45
  62. ↑ Michael Nolan, CTV: The Network That Means Business (University of Alberta Press, 2001), p183
  63. ↑ Jeffrey B. Perry, Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883–1918 (Columbia University Press, 2009), p101
  64. ↑ "A Step Back For Blacks", TIME Magazine, July 3, 2006
  65. ↑ Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, 2d. Ed. (Indiana University Press, 1994), p306
  66. ↑ Washington Post website
  67. ↑ EUMETSAT
  68. ↑ mlb.com biography
  69. ↑ "Shipworkers Hit By 30-Year-Old Health 'Bomb'", Oakland Tribune, September 30, 1972, p1
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