Separation process

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In chemistry and chemical engineering, a separation process, or simply a separation, is any mass transfer process that contain a mixture of substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, at least one of which is enriched in one or more of the mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into its pure constituents. Separations are carried out based on differences in chemical properties, or physical properties such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity between the constituents of a mixture, and are often classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. In the case that no single difference can be used to accomplish a desired separation, multiple processes will often be performed in combination to achieve the desired end.

Barring a few exceptions, almost every element or compound is naturally found in an impure state. Often these impure raw materials must be separated into their purified components after they can be put to productive use, making separation processes essential for the modern industrial economy. In some cases these separations require total purification, as in the electrolysis refining of bauxite ore for aluminum metal, but a good example of an incomplete separation process is oil refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various hydrocarbons and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as natural gas, gasoline and chemical feedstocks, none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude. In both of these cases a series of separations is necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual distillation steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate.

This article discusses separation processes of any scale that completely or partially separate components of a mixture from each other (which may be referred to as fractions) usually without substantial chemical modification.[1] The purpose of such a separation may be analytical, i.e. to help analyze components in the original mixture without any attempt to save the fractions, or may be preparative, i.e. to "prepare" fractions or samples of the components that can be saved. The separation can be done on a small scale, effectively a laboratory-scale for analytical or preparative purposes, or on a large scale, effectively an industrial-scale for preparative purposes, or on some intermediate scale.

Chromatography

Main article: chromatography

In paper chromatography, the movement of each substance in the mixture depends on two factors—solubility of the substance in the solvent and absorption of the substance on the filter paper. The substance moves with the solvent easily if the substance is very soluble in the solvent, and some solids can attract other substance and hold them on their surface. This is called absorption, and such solids are called absorbents. The substance does not move with the solvent easily if the substance in the mixture is strongly absorbed by the filter paper. Since neither substances has the same adsorption and solubility, each travels a different distance along the filter paper—and the two separate.

Substances separated by chromatography need not be colored. Colorless substance can be made visible by spraying the paper with a locating agent that reacts with the colorless substances to produce a color. Labs use chromatography to identify the substances in a mixture. Hospital labs, for example, use the technique to determine if a patient has diabetes by identifying sugar in urine. Chromatography also identifies dyes used in food.

List of separation processes

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Wilson, Ian D.; Adlard, Edward R.; Cooke, Michael et al., eds. (2000). Encyclopedia of separation science. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-226770-3. 
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