Semolina

Semolina is the coarse, purified wheat middlings of durum wheat used in making pasta, breakfast cereals, puddings, and couscous.^[1] The term semolina is also used to designate coarse middlings from other varieties of wheat, and from other grains such as rice and maize.

Name

Semolina is derived from the Italian word semola, meaning 'bran'.^[2] This is derived from the ancient Latin simila, meaning 'flour', itself a borrowing from Greek σεμίδαλις (semidalis), "groats". The words simila, semidalis, groat, and grain may all have similar proto-Indo-European origins as two Sanskrit terms for wheat, samita and godhuma. Semolina may also be a loan word from the Semitic root smd – to grind into groats (Arabic: سميد‎ samīd).

Production

Semolina

Modern milling of wheat into flour is a process that employs grooved steel rollers. The rollers are adjusted so that the space between them is slightly narrower than the width of the wheat kernels. As the wheat is fed into the mill, the rollers flake off the bran and germ while the starch (or endosperm) is cracked into coarse pieces in the process. Through sifting, these endosperm particles, the semolina, are separated from the bran. The semolina is then ground into flour. This greatly simplifies the process of separating the endosperm from the bran and germ, as well as making it possible to separate the endosperm into different grades because the inner part of the endosperm tends to break down into smaller pieces than the outer part. Different grades of flour can be thus produced.^[3]

Types

Semolina grains in close-up

Semolina made from durum wheat is yellow in color.^[4] Semolina is often used as the base for dried products such as couscous, which is made by mixing roughly 2 parts semolina with 1 part durum flour (finely ground semolina).^[5]

Broadly speaking, meal produced from grains other than wheat may also be referred to as semolina, e.g. rice semolina, or corn semolina (more commonly known as grits in the U.S.)

When semolina comes from softer types of wheats it is white in color. In this case, the correct name is flour, not semolina. In the United States, coarser meal coming from softer types of wheats is known also as farina.

Dishes

Savory

Boiled semolina turns into a porridge, known in some areas as Cream of Wheat. In Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania and Croatia, semolina is known as Grieß (a word related to "grits") and is mixed with egg to make Grießknödel which can be added to soup. The particles are fairly coarse, between 0.25 and 0.75 millimeters in diameter.

In South India, semolina is used to make savory foods, like rava dosa and upma, or puddings, like kesari or sheera. It is sometimes also used to coat slices of fish, before it is pan-fried in oil, which gives it a crispy coating.

In much of North Africa, durum semolina is made into the staple couscous. Semolina is a common food in West Africa especially among Nigerians. It is eaten as either lunch or dinner with stew or soup. It is prepared just like eba (cassava flour) or fufu with water and boiled for 5 to 10 minutes.

Sweet

Dutch semolina pudding with a redcurrant sauce

Whipped semolina and redcurrant dessert

In Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania and Croatia, semolina is cooked with water or milk and sweetened with squares of chocolate to make the breakfast dish Grießkoch or Grießbrei. In the Netherlands, it is called griesmeelpap, although there is usually no chocolate in it, and it is more a dessert than a breakfast dish. Sweetened semolina, boiled in water or milk into a firm porridge and subsequently refrigerated, is popular in northwestern Europe as a dessert called semolina pudding. It is often flavored with vanilla and served with jam or redcurrant sauce. In Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine and Russia, it is eaten as breakfast porridge, sometimes mixed with raisins and served with milk. In Swedish it is known as mannagrynsgröt, or boiled together with blueberries, as blåbärsgröt. In Sweden, Estonia, Finland and Latvia, it is boiled together with juice from berries and then whipped into a light, airy consistency to create klappgröt (Swedish name) or vispipuuro (Finnish name) or mannavaht (Estonian name), a dessert which is usually eaten in summer. In the Middle East, it is used to make desserts called harisa or so-called basbosa or nammora.

In Pakistan and North India, it is used for such sweets as suji halwa. A popular dessert in Greece ("Halvas"), Cyprus (halvas or helva), In Cyprus other than milk it is mixed with almond cordial to create a light water based pudding. In Turkey ("Helva"), Bulgaria ("Halva"), Iran ("Halva"), Pakistan ("Halva"), and Arab countries, "Halawa" is sometimes made with semolina scorched with sugar, butter, milk, and pine nuts.

Basbousa (North African and Alexandrine harisa) is made chiefly of semolina. In some cultures, it is served at funerals, during special celebrations, or as a religious offering.

In baking

As an alternative to corn meal, semolina can be used to flour the baking surface to prevent sticking. In bread making, a small proportion of durum semolina added to the usual mix of flour is said to produce a tasty crust^{[citation needed]}.

References

v t e Wheat History Domestication Neolithic Revolution Tell Abu Hureyra Tell Aswad Triticeae Types of wheat Common Durum Einkorn Emmer Kamut Norin 10 Red Fife Spelt Winter wheat Agronomy Wheat diseases (list) Wheat mildew Trade Australian Wheat Board Canadian Wheat Board Corn exchange International Wheat Council Peak wheat Production statistics Protein premium Wheat pool Parts of the plant and their uses Stalk Straw Kernel (seed) Bran Germ Chaff (husk) Endosperm Gluten Basic preparations of the kernel None Wheatberry Milling Farina Flour (types) Groats Middlings Semolina Parboiling Bulgur As an ingredient Bread Couscous Cracker Flatbread Pasta Wheat beer Wheat germ oil Wheat gluten Associated human diseases Exercise-induced anaphylaxis Gluten sensitivity (Coeliac disease, Wheat allergy, etc.) Related concepts Bread riot Plant breeding Refined grains Staple food Wheatpaste Whole grain Further information

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