Seljuq Empire

Büyük Selçuklu Devleti دولت سلجوقیان Dawlat-i Saljūqiān Great Seljuq Empire
Empire
↓ 1037–1194 ↓
Flag
Great Seljuq Empire in its zenith in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I
Capital		Nishapur (1037–1043) Rey (1043–1051) Isfahan (1051–1118) Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194) Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153)
Languages		Persian (official & court language, primary literary/spoken language)[1][2][3] Arabic (language of scholarship,[1] science and theology[3]) Oghuz Turkish[3][4] (spoken in everyday speech and by the military and ruling elite)
Government		Monarchy
Sultan or Shah
-	1037–1063	Toghrul I (first)
-	1174–1194	Toghrul III (last)[5][6]
History
-	Tughril formed the state system	1037
-	Replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire[7]	1194
Area
-	1080 est.	3,900,000 km² (1,505,798 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Ghaznavid Empire Buyid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Byzantine Empire Kakuyids Ghurid Dynasty Khwarezmian Empire Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm Ayyubid dynasty Atabegs of Azerbaijan Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty Danishmends Artuqid dynasty Saltukids
Today part of		Countries today  Afghanistan  Armenia  Azerbaijan  China  Egypt  Georgia  Iran  Iraq  Israel  Jordan  Kazakhstan  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Lebanon  Nagorno-Karabakh  Oman Palestinian Authority  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Tajikistan  Turkey  Turkmenistan  UAE  Uzbekistan  Yemen

History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century
Turkic Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic
Avar Khaganate 564–804
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Old Great Bulgaria 632–668
Volga Bulgaria
Turgesh Khaganate 699–766
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091	Kimek Khanate 743–1035
Kipchak Khanates 1067–1239	Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Shatuo Dynasties 923–979
Later Tang Dynasty
Later Jin Dynasty
Later Han Dynasty (Northern Han)
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuq Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian Dynasty 1077–1231
Seljuq Sultanate of Rum 1092–1307
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk Dynasty
Khilji Dynasty
Tughlaq Dynasty
Cairo Sultanate 1250–1517
Bahri Dynasty
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History of Greater Iran
Until the rise of modern nation-states
Pre-modern
Pre-Islamic  Prehistory Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800 BC Elamite dynasties 2800–550 BC Bactria-Margiana Complex 2200–1700 BC Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th century BC Median Empire 728 –550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC Seleucid Empire 330–150 BC Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250-125 BC Parthian Empire 248–BC 224 CE Kushan Empire 30–275 Sassanid Empire 224–651 Afrighid dynasty 305–995 Hephthalite Empire 425–557 Kabul Shahi kingdom 565–879 Dabuyid dynasty 642–760 Kingdom of Alania 8th-9th century–1238/1239
Islamic  Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Zaydis of Tabaristan 864–928 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 819–999 Sajids 889/890–929 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid dynasty 934–1055 Sallarid dynasty 941–1062 Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187 Ghurid dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuq Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–353 Kartids dynasty 1231–389 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid Empire 1501–1722 Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Hotaki dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1750 Zand Dynasty 1750–1794 Durrani Empire 1794–1826 Qajar Dynasty 1794–1925

The Great Seljuq Empire (Persian: دولت سلجوقیان‎) was a medieval Turko-Persian^{[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]} Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks.^[16] The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.

The Seljuq empire was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037 after the efforts by the founder of the Seljuq dynasty, Seljuq Beg, in the first quarter of the 11th century. Seljuq Beg's father was in a higher position in the Oghuz Yabgu State, and he gave his name to both the state and the dynasty. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the Eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Persianized^{[10][11][12][13]} in culture^[17][18][19] and language,^{[10][20][21][22][23]} the Seljuqs also played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition,^[24] even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia.^[25][26] The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the progressive turkicization of those areas.^[27]

Founder of the Dynasty

The apical ancestor of the Seljuqs was their beg, Seljuq, who was reputed to have served in the Khazar army, under whom, circa 950, they migrated to Khwarezm, near the city of Jend, where they converted to Islam.^[28]

Expansion of the Empire

The Seljuqs were allied with the Persian Samanid Shahs against the Qarakhanids. The Samanids fell to the Qarakhanids in Transoxania (992/999), however, whereafter the Ghaznavids arose. The Seljuqs became involved in this power struggle in the region before establishing their own independent base.

Tugrul and Chagri Beg

Tughril was the grandson of Seljuq and brother of Chaghri, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids. Initially the Seljuqs were repulsed by Mahmud and retired to Khwarezm, but Tughril and Chaghri led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1037).^[29] Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037.^[30] In 1040 at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories to the Seljuqs. In 1055, Tughril captured Baghdad from the Shi'a Buyids under a commission from the Abbassids.

Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia. Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine threat.^[31] He authorized his Turkmen generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as atabegs loyal to him. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous "beghliks" (modern Turkish beyliks): the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuqs (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in İzmir (Smyrna).

Malik Shah I

Under Alp Arslan's successor, Malik Shah, and his two Persian viziers,^[32] Nizām al-Mulk and Tāj al-Mulk, the Seljuq state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered China in the East and the Byzantines in the West. Malikshāh moved the capital from Rey to Isfahan. The Iqta military system and the Nizāmīyyah University at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuq". The Abbasid Caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087. The Assassins (Hashshashin) of Hassan-i Sabāh started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizām al-Mulk.

Governance

The Seljuq power was at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuqs.^[33] The Seljuq dominion was established over the ancient Sasanian domains, in Iran and Iraq, and included Anatolia as well as parts of Central Asia and modern Afghanistan.^[33] The Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization common in Turkic and Mongol nomads and resembled a 'family federation' or 'appanage state'.^[33] Under this organization the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages.^[33]

Division of empire

See also: Sultanate of Rum, Atabegs

When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. Malikshāh I was succeeded in Anatolia by Kilij Arslan I, who founded the Sultanate of Rum, and in Syria by his brother Tutush I. In Persia he was succeeded by his son Mahmud I, whose reign was contested by his other three brothers Barkiyaruq in Iraq, Muhammad I in Baghdad, and Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan. When Tutush I died, his sons Radwan and Duqaq inherited Aleppo and Damascus respectively and contested with each other as well, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other.

In 1118, the third son Ahmad Sanjar took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar.

Elsewhere in nominal Seljuq territory were the Artuqids in northeastern Syria and northern Mesopotamia; they controlled Jerusalem until 1098. The Dānišmand dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the Sultanate of Rum, and Kerbogha exercised independence as the atabeg of Mosul.

The First Crusade

During the First Crusade, the fractured states of the Seljuqs were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders. The Seljuqs easily defeated the untrained People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade, which took important cities such as Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds). In 1099 the crusaders finally captured the Holy Land and set up the first Crusader States. The Seljuqs had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders.

The Second Crusade

See also: Second Crusade, Zengi, Nur ad-Din Zangi

During this time conflict with the Crusader States was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul, Zengi succeeded Kerbogha as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured Edessa, as the County of Edessa had allied itself with the Ortoqids against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade. Nur ad-Din, one of Zengi's sons who succeeded him as atabeg of Aleppo, created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147.

Decline

Ahmad Sanjar had to contend with the revolts of Qarakhanids in Transoxiana, Ghorids in Afghanistan and Qarluks in modern Kyrghyzstan, as well as the nomadic Kara-Khitais who invaded the East and captured the Eastern Qarakhanid state. The Kara-Khitais then defeated the Western Qarakhanids, a vassal of the Seljuqs at Khujand. The Qarakhanids turned to their overlord the Seljuqs for help, but at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141, Sanjar was decisively defeated. The Seljuq army suffered great losses and Sanjar barely escaped with his life. The prestige of the Seljuqs became greatly diminished, and they lost all his eastern provinces up to the Syr Darya, with the vassalage of Western Kara-Khanid taken by the Kara-Khitan.^[34]

Conquest by Khwarezm and the Ayyubids

See also:Saladin, Ayyubid, Khwarezmid Empire

In 1153, the Oghuz Turks rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. Despite several attempts to reunite the Seljuks by his successors, the Crusades prevented them from regaining their former empire.^{[citation needed]} The atabegs, such as Zengids and Artuqids, were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156, it fractured the empire even further and rendered the atabegs effectively independent.

1. Khorasani Seljuqs in Khorasan and Transoxiana. Capital: Merv
2. Kermani Seljuqs
3. Sultanate of Rum. (or Seljuqs of Turkey) Capital: Iznik (Nicaea), later Konya (Iconium)
4. Atabeghlik of Salgur in Iran
5. Atabeghlik of Ildeniz in Iraq and Azerbaijan. Capital Hamadan
6. Atabeghlik of Bori in Syria. Capital: Damascus
7. Atabeghlik of Zangi in Al Jazira (Northern Mesopotamia). Capital: Mosul
8. Turcoman Beghliks: Danishmendis, Artuqids, Saltuqids and Mengujekids in Asia Minor
9. Khwarezmshahs in Transoxiana, Khwarezm. Capital: Urganch

After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general Shirkuh, who had established himself in Egypt on Fatimid land, was succeeded by Saladin. In time, Saladin rebelled against Nur ad-Din, and, upon his death, Saladin married his widow and captured most of Syria and created the Ayyubid dynasty.

On other fronts, the Kingdom of Georgia began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of Great Seljuk. The same was true during the revival of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Leo II of Armenia in Anatolia. The Abbassid caliph An-Nasir also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah Takash.

For a brief period, Togrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuq except for Anatolia. In 1194, however, Togrul was defeated by Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire, and the Seljuq finally collapsed. Of the former Seljuq Empire, only the Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia remained. As the dynasty declined in the middle of the thirteenth century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks. Eventually one of these, the Ottoman, would rise to power and conquer the rest.

Legacy

The Seljuqs were educated in the service of Muslim courts as slaves or mercenaries. The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians. According to the Seljuqs, they brought to the Muslims "fighting spirit and fanatical aggression".^[35]

The Seljuqs founded universities^[36] and were also patrons of art and literature. Their reign is characterized by Persian astronomers such as Omar Khayyám, and the Persian philosopher al-Ghazali. Under the Seljuqs, New Persian became the language for historical recording, while Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to Cairo.^[37]

List of sultans of the Great Seljuq Empire

#	Laqab	Throne name	Reign	Marriages	Succession right
1	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین,	Toghrul-Beg	1037-1063	1) Altun Jan Khatun (2) Aka (daughter of Yusuf Qadir Khan, Khagan of Kara-Khanid) (3) Seyyedeh Fatima (daughter of Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph)	son of Mikail (grandson of Seljuq)
2	Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah ضياء الدنيا و الدين عضد الدولة	Alp Arslan	1063–1072	Aka (daughter of Yusuf Qadir Khan, Khagan of Kara-Khanid, widow of Toghrul I)	son of Chaghri
3	Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah معز الدین جلال الدولہ الفتح	Malik-Shah I	1072–1092	1) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Ibrahim Tamghach Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Yaquti ibn Chaghri)	son of Alp Arslan
4	Nasir ad-Dunya wa ad-Din ناصر الدنیا والدین	Mahmud I	1092–1094		son of Malik-Shah I
5	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین	Barkiyaruq	1094-1105		son of Malik-Shah I
6	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah رکن الدنیا والدین جلال الدولہ	Malik-Shah II	1105		son of Barkiyaruq
7	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین	Tapar	1105–1118	Gouhar Khatun	son of Malik-Shah I
8	Mughith ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah مُغيث الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة	Mahmud II	1118–1131	1) Mah-i Mulk (died 1130) (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Amir Siti Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (3) Ata Khatun (daughter of Khadija Arslan Khatun bint Chaghri)	son of Muhammad I
9	Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah مُعز الدنيا و الدين جلال الدولة	Sanjar	1118–1153	1) Turkan Khatun (daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, Khagan of Western Kara-Khanid) (2) Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)	son of Malik-Shah I
10	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین	Dawud	1131–1132	Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud)	son of Mahmud II
11	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین	Toghrul II	1132–1135	Mumine Khatun	son of Muhammad I
12	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین	Masud	1135–1152	1) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Sanjar) (2) Zubeida Khatun (daughter of Barkiyaruq) (3) Mustazhiriyya (daughter of Qawurd) (4) Sufra (daughter of Dubais) (5) Arab-Khatun	son of Muhammad I
13	Muin ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مُعين الدنيا و الدين	Malik-Shah III	1152–1153		son of Mahmud II
14	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین	Muhammad	1153–1159	1) Mahd Rafi Khatun (daughter of Kirman-Shah ibn Arslan-Shah I) (2) Gouhar Khatun (daughter of Masud, widow of Dawud)	son of Mahmud II
15	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین	Suleiman-Shah	1159–1160	Held as a captive by Qutb ad-Din Mawdud until 1160, ruled for six months, but was murdered in 1161.[38]	son of Muhammad I
16	Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din معز الدنیا والدین	Arslan-Shah	1160-1176	Kirmani Khatun	son of Toghrul II
17	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین	Toghrul III	1176–1191 1st reign		son of Arslan-Shah
18	Muzaffar ad-Dunya wa ad-Din مظفر الدنیا والدین	Qizil Arslan	1191	Inanj Khatun (daughter of Sunqur-Inanj, ruler of Rey, widow of Muhammad ibn Ildeniz)	son of Ildeniz (stepbrother of Arslan-Shah)
—	Rukn ad-Dunya wa ad-Din رکن الدنیا والدین	Toghrul III	1192–1194 2nd reign		son of Arslan-Shah

Family tree

Duqaq Timuryaligh (b. ? -d. ?) Commander-in-chief of Khazar army

Seljuq (b. ? -d. ?) Commander-in-chief of Khazar army

Yunus

Israil (b. ? -d. 1032) Chief of Seljuq Dynasty

Mikail (b. ? -d. ?)

Musa Yabghu

1.Toghrul I (r. 1037-1063) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Chaghri-Beg (r. 1040-1060) Governor of Khorasan

Ibrahim Inal

Er-Dash

Qawurd-Beg (r. 1048-1073) Governor of Kirman

Suleiman Prince

Bahram-Shah Prince

Yaquti Prince Governor of Azerbaijan

2.Alp Arslan (r. 1063-1072) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Ilyas Prince

Khadija Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im.

Uthman Prince

Jawhar Khatun Princess

Tutush (r. 1078-1095) Governor of Damascus

Toghrul Prince

Bori-Bars Prince

Arslan-Shah (r. 1066-1083) Governor of Khorasan

3.Malik-Shah I (r. 1072-1092) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Toghan-Shah (r. 1083-1092) Governor of Khorasan

Aisha Princess married Kara-Khanid khan Nasr Shams al-Mulk.

Arslan-Argun (r. 1092-1097) Governor of Khorasan

Mah-i Mulk Princess married Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadi.

5.Barkiyaruq (r. 1094-1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Dawud Prince

Ahmad Prince

4.Mahmud I (r. 1092-1094) Sultan of Great Seljuq

7.Tapar (r. 1105-1118) Sultan of Great Seljuq

9.Sanjar (r. 1118-1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Jawhar Princess married Ghaznavid sultan Mas'ud III.

Sitara Princess married Kakuyid atabeg Garshasp II.

6.Malik-Shah II (r. 1105) Sultan of Great Seljuq

8.Mahmud II (r. 1118-1131) Sultan of Great Seljuq

15.Suleiman-Shah (r. 1159-1160) Sultan of Great Seljuq

12.Masud (r. 1135-1152) Sultan of Great Seljuq

11.Toghrul II (r. 1132-1135) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Mu'mine Khatun wife of Toghrul II until 1135 wife of Ildeniz from 1136

Ildeniz (r. 1160-1175) de facto ruler Atabeg of Arslan-Shah

14.Muhammad II (r. 1153-1159) Sultan of Great Seljuq

10.Dawud (r. 1131-1132) Sultan of Great Seljuq

13.Malik-Shah III (r. 1152-1153) Sultan of Great Seljuq

16.Arslan-Shah (r. 1160-1176) Sultan of Great Seljuq

Muhammad (r. 1175-1186) de facto ruler Atabeg of Toghrul III

18.Qizil Arslan (r. 1191) Sultan of Great Seljuq

17.Toghrul III (r. 1176-1191, 1192-1194) Sultan of Great Seljuq

See also

• Artuqid
• Assassins
• Atabeg
• Anatolian Seljuks family tree
• Danishmend
• Ghaznavid Empire
• Rahat al-sudur
• Seljuq
• Seljuq architecture
• Seljuq dynasty
• Sultanate of Rûm
• Timeline of the Sultanate of Rûm
• Timeline of the Turks (500–1300)
• Seldschuken-Fürsten, list of Seljuq rulers in the German Wikipedia
• Turkic migrations

References

Further reading

• Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• Tetley, G. E. (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Abingdon. ISBN 9780415431194. 

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v t e House of Seljuq Early Seljuqids Seljuk Mikail Arslan Yabghu Musa Yabghu Sultans of the Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) Toghrul-Beg Alp Arslan Malik-Shah I Mahmud I Barkiyaruq Malik-Shah II Muhammad I Mahmud II and Sanjar Dawud Toghrul II Masud Malik-Shah III Muhammad II Suleiman-Shah Arslan-Shah Toghrul III Governors of Khorasan (1040–1118) Chaghri-Beg Alp Arslan Arslan-Shah Toghan-Shah Arslan-Argun Sanjar Governors of Kerman (1048–1188) Qawurd-Beg Kerman-Shah Husein Sultan-Shah Turan-Shah I Iran-Shah Arslan-Shah I Muhammad-Shah I Toghrul-Shah Bahram-Shah Arslan-Shah II Turan-Shah II Muhammad-Shah II Governors of Damascus (1078–1105) Tutush I Duqaq Tutush II Begtash Governors of Aleppo (1094–1117) Tutush I Radwan Alp Arslan Sultan-Shah Sultans of Rum (1092–1307) Qutalmish Suleyman I Kilij Arslan I Malik-Shah Mesud I Kilij Arslan II Kaykhusraw I Suleiman II Kilij Arslan III Kaykaus I Kayqubad I Kaykhusraw II Kaykaus II Kilij Arslan IV Kayqubad II Kaykhusraw III Mesud II Kayqubad III

v t e A history of empires Ancient empires Akkadian Egyptian Kushite Assyrian Babylonian Aksumite Hittite Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Kushan Sasanian Tuoba Hellenistic Macedon Ptolemaic Seleucid Indian Maurya Gupta Chinese Qin Han Jin Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Xianbei Xiongnu Medieval empires Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Hunnic Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Ayyubid Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Persianate Ghaznavid Great Seljuq Khwarezmian Timurid Somali Ajuuraan Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Bulgarian First Second Aragonese Benin Latin Oyo Bornu Indian Chola Gurjara-Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Kanem Serbian Songhai Khmer Carolingian Holy Roman North Sea Angevin Mali Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Wagadou Aztec Inca Srivijaya Majapahit Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Modern empires Tongan Ashanti Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal Indian (colonial) Chinese Ming Qing China Turkish Ottoman Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Ethiopian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish French First Second Austrian Austro-Hungarian German German Empire German Reich Russian Swedish Mexican First Second Brazilian Korean Japanese Haitian First Second Central African Colonial empires Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Portuguese Spanish Swedish United States Related List of empires List of largest empires

v t e Turkey topics History Pre-Turkish era Prehistory of Anatolia & Thrace Classical Anatolia & Thrace Byzantine Anatolia Seljuq era Great Seljuq Empire Sultanate of Rum Mongol conquest of Anatolia Ilkhanate Ottoman era Foundation Interregnum Rise Growth Stagnation Decline Dissolution Partitioning Republican era War of Independence Single-party period Multi-party period By topic Ancient Anatolians Constitutional Economic Military Thracians Timeline of Turkish history Turkic migration Geography Capes Cities Districts Environmental issues Gulfs and bays Islands Lakes Metropolitan centers Mountains Peninsulas Provinces Regions Rivers Places Anatolia Thrace (Eastern) Turkish Riviera Politics Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Military Parliament President Prime Minister Legal system Constitution Constitutional Court Law enforcement Official gazette Deep state EU accession Kemalism Neo-Ottomanism Ottomanism Political parties Secularism Society Crime Education Languages Turkish Culture Architecture Ottoman Art Cinema Cuisine wine Dance Drama (TV) Festivals Folklore Literature Media newspapers radio stations TV stations Music Names Public holidays Religion Islam Smoking Sport Theatre Demographics Turkish people list Atatürk Ottoman Sultans Population diaspora immigration Muhacir Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Presidential seal Outline Index Book Category Portal WikiProject

v t e Iran topics   History Pre-Islamic Prehistory 3200–550 BCE Proto-Elamite civilization (3200–2800 BCE) Elamite dynasties (2800–550 BCE) Bactria-Margiana Complex (2200–1700 BCE) Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BCE) Median Empire (728–550 BCE) 550 BCE– 224 CE Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) Seleucid Empire (330–150 BCE) Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BCE) Parthian Empire (248 BCE –  224 CE) 224–557 CE Kushan Empire (30–275 CE) Sassanid Empire (224–651 CE) Hephthalite Empire (425–557 CE) Islamic 637 – 1055 Patriarchal Caliphate (637–651) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Tahirid dynasty (821–873) Alavid dynasty (864–928) Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) Samanid dynasty (819–999) Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043) Buyid dynasty (934–1055) 975 – 1432 Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187) Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215) Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) Khwarezmid dynasty (1077–1231) Ilkhanate (1256–1335) Kartids dynasty (1231–1389) Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393) Chupanid dynasty (1337–1357) Jalayerid dynasty (1339–1432) 1370 – 1925 Timurid Empire (1370–1506) Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508) Safavid Empire (1501 – 1722 / 1736) Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729) Afsharid dynasty (1736–1750) Zand Dynasty (1750–1794) Durrani Empire (1794–1826) Qajar Dynasty (1794–1925) Modern 1925 – 1979 Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) Iran Constituent Assembly, 1949 1953 coup d'état Iranian Revolution (1979) Interim Government Islamic Republic History (1979–) Khuzestan conflict Embassy siege (1980) Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) Iranian pilgrim massacre (1987) Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988) PJAK insurgency Balochistan conflict Syrian conflict See also Ancient Iran Iranian Cultural Continent Indo-Iranians languages Jiroft civilization Aryans Persian peoples Iranian peoples Kings of Persia Military history Years in Iran   Geography Cities list Earthquakes Iranian Azerbaijan Iranian Balochistan Iranian Kurdistan Iranian plateau Islands Mountains Provinces Wildlife   Politics General Censorship Constitution Persian Constitutional Revolution Elections 2009 presidential Green Revolution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judicial system Military Army Air Force Navy Ministry of Intelligence Nuclear program UN Security Council Resolution 1747 Political parties Principlists Propaganda Reformists Terrorism Allegations of state terrorism White Revolution (1963) Women's movement Councils Assembly (or Council) of Experts Expediency Discernment Council City and Village Councils Guardian Council Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) Supreme National Security Council Officials Ambassadors President Provincial governors Supreme Leader   Economy General Bonyad (charitable trust) Brain drain Companies automobile manufacturers Corruption Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Economic history Economic Reform Plan Energy Environmental issues Foreign direct investment Intellectual property International oil bourse International rankings Iran and the WTO Labor and tax laws Main economic laws Middle East economy Milad Tower and complex Military equipment manufactured Military exports Nuclear program UN Security Council Resolution 1747 Privatization Rial (currency) Space Agency Supreme Audit Court Tehran Stock Exchange Sectors Agriculture fruit Banking and insurance Banks Central Bank Electronic banking Construction Industry Mining Petroleum Anglo-Persian Oil Company Telecommunications Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI) Transport airlines metro railways shipping Tourism State-owned companies Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO) Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) Places Asalouyeh industrial corridor Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone Kish Island Free Trade Zone Research centers   Society Demographics Languages Persian (Farsi) Armenian Azerbaijani Indo-Iranian Iranian languages Peoples Iranian citizens abroad Ethnic minorities Armenians Chinese people Iranian Azerbaijanis Koreans Persian Jews Religion Islam Bahá'í persecution Christianity Zoroastrians persecution minorities Other Education higher science scientists and scholars universities Brain drain Health care International rankings Nationality Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Achaemenid architects Art modern and contemporary Blogs Calendar Persian New Year (Nowruz) Chador Chicago Persian antiquities crisis Cinema Crown jewels Cuisine Folklore Intellectual movements Iranians Iranology Islam Islamization Literature Media news agencies student newspapers Mythology National symbols Imperial anthem Opium consumption Persian gardens Persian names Philosophy Public holidays Scouting Sport football Music Folk Heavy metal Pop Rap and hip-hop Rock and alternative Traditional Ey Iran Other Anti-Iranianism Tehrangeles Category Commons Portal WikiProject