Seikan Tunnel
 | |
| Map of the Seikan Tunnel. | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Location | Beneath the Tsugaru Strait |
| Coordinates | 41°18′57″N 140°20′06″E / 41.3157°N 140.3351°ECoordinates: 41°18′57″N 140°20′06″E / 41.3157°N 140.3351°E |
| Status | Active |
| Start | Honshu |
| End | Hokkaido |
| Operation | |
| Opened | 13 March 1988 |
| Owner | Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency |
| Operator | JR Hokkaido |
| Technical | |
| Track length | 53.85 km (23.3 km undersea) |
| No. of tracks | double track rail tunnel |
| Track gauge | Mixed |
| Electrified | Yes |
The Seikan Tunnel (青函トンネル Seikan Tonneru or 青函隧道 Seikan Zuidō) is a 53.85-kilometre (33.46 mi) railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3-kilometre (14.5 mi) long portion under the seabed. The track level is about 140 metres (460 ft) below the seabed and 240 m (790 ft) below sea level.[1] It travels beneath the Tsugaru Strait — connecting Aomori Prefecture on the Japanese island Honshu and the island Hokkaido — as part of the Kaikyo Line of Hokkaido Railway Company. The name Seikan comes from combining the on'yomi readings of the first characters of Aomori (青森) and Hakodate (函館), the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.
Seikan is both the longest and the deepest operational rail tunnel in the world. The Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland will be longer when it opens to traffic in 2017. The Line 3 of Guangzhou Metro has been longer since 2010, but metros are not normally considered tunnels. Seikan is also the longest undersea tunnel in the world, but the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France has a longer undersea portion.[2]
History
Connecting the islands Honshu and Hokkaido by a fixed link had been considered since the Taishō period (1912–1925), but serious surveying commenced only in 1946, induced by the loss of overseas territory at the end of World War II and the need to accommodate returnees. In 1954, five ferries, including the Toya Maru, sank in the Tsugaru Strait during a typhoon, killing 1,430 passengers. The following year, Japanese National Railways (JNR) expedited the tunnel investigation.[3]
| Timeline[3] | |
|---|---|
| 1946-04-24 | Geological surveying begun |
| 1954-09-26 | Train ferry Toya Maru sank in the Tsugaru Strait |
| 1964-03-23 | Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation established |
| 1971-09-28 | Main tunnel construction begun |
| 1983-01-27 | Pilot tunnel breakthrough |
| 1985-03-10 | Main tunnel breakthrough |
| 1988-03-13 | Tunnel opened |
Also of concern was the increasing traffic between the two islands. A booming economy saw traffic levels on the JNR-operated Seikan (a contraction of principal cities Aomori and Hakodate[4]) Ferry doubled to 4,040,000 persons/year from 1955 to 1965, and cargo levels rose 1.7 times to 6,240,000 tonnes/year. In 1971, traffic forecasts predicted increasing growth that would outstrip the ability of the ferry pier facility, which was constrained by geographical conditions. In September 1971, the decision was made to commence work on the tunnel. A Shinkansen-capable cross section was selected, with plans to extend the Shinkansen network.[3]
Arduous construction in difficult geological conditions proceeded. 34 workers were killed during construction.[5]
On 27 January 1983, Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone pressed a switch that set off a blast that completed the pilot tunnel. Similarly on 10 March 1985, Minister of Transport Tokuo Yamashita symbolically holed through the main tunnel.[3]
The success of the project was questioned at the time, with the 1971 traffic predictions being overestimates. Instead of the traffic rate increasing as predicted to a peak in 1985, it peaked earlier in 1978 and then proceeded to decrease. The decrease was attributed to the slowdown in Japan's economy since the first oil crisis in 1973 and to advances made in air transport facilities and longer-range sea transport.[6]
The tunnel was opened on 13 March 1988, having cost a total of ¥538.4 billion (US$3.6 billion) to construct.[7]
Once the tunnel was completed, all railway transport between Honshu and Hokkaido used the tunnel. However, for passenger transport, 90% of people use air due to the speed and cost. For example, to travel between Tokyo and Sapporo by train takes more than ten hours and thirty minutes, with several transfers. By air, the journey is three hours and thirty minutes, including airport access times. Deregulation and competition in Japanese domestic air travel has brought down prices on the Tokyo-Sapporo route, making rail more expensive in comparison.[8] The Hokutosei overnight train service, which began service after the completion of the Seikan Tunnel, is still popular among travellers. The newer and more luxurious Cassiopeia overnight train service is often fully booked.
Shinkansen trains currently do not run through the tunnel, although it was built to accommodate them. JR East extended the Tohoku Shinkansen to Shin-Aomori Station on December 4, 2010. From Shin-Aomori, the planned Hokkaido Shinkansen will continue on to Shin-Hakodate Station in Hakodate by 2015 and then eventually to Sapporo Station. The future Hokkaido Shinkansen will be operated by JR Hokkaido.
Surveying, construction and geology
| Tsugaru Strait traffic data | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Passengers (persons/yr) | Freight (T/yr) | Mode |
| 1955 | 2,020,000 | 3,700,000 | Seikan Ferry[3] |
| 1965 | 4,040,000 | 6,240,000 | Seikan Ferry[3] |
| 1970 | 9,360,000 | 8,470,000 | Seikan Ferry[3] |
| 1985 | 9,000,000[t 1] | 17,000,000 | 1971 Forecast[3] |
| 1988 | ~3,100,000 | — | Seikan Tunnel[8] |
| 1999 | ~1,700,000 | — | Seikan Tunnel[8] |
| 2001 | — | >5,000,000 | Seikan Tunnel[8] |
| |||
Surveying started in 1946, and construction began in 1971. By August 1982, less than 700 metres of the tunnel remained to be excavated. First contact between the two sides was in 1983.[7]
The Tsugaru Strait has eastern and western necks, both approximately 20 km (12 mi) across. Initial surveys undertaken in 1946 indicated that the eastern neck was up to 200 metres (656 feet) deep with volcanic geology. The western neck had a maximum depth of 140 metres (459 feet) and geology consisting mostly of sedimentary rocks of the Neogene period. The western neck was selected, with its conditions considered favourable for tunnelling.[9]
The geology of the undersea portion of the tunnel consists of volcanic rock, pyroclastic rock, and sedimentary rock of the Neogene Period.[4] The area is folded into a nearly vertical syncline, which means that the youngest rock is in the centre of the Strait, and encountered last. Divided roughly into thirds, the Honshū side consists of volcanic rocks (andesite, basalt etc.); the Hokkaido side consists of sedimentary rocks (Tertiary period tuff, mudstone, etc.); and the centre portion consists of Kuromatsunai strata (Tertiary period sand-like mudstone).[10] Igneous intrusions and faults caused crushing of the rock and complicated the tunnelling procedures.[9]
Initial geological investigation occurred from 1946 to 1963, which involved drilling the sea-bed, sonic surveys, submarine boring, observations using a mini-submarine, and seismic and magnetic surveys. To establish a greater understanding, a horizontal pilot boring was undertaken along the line of both the service and main tunnels.[9]
Tunnelling occurred simultaneously from both the northern end and the southern. The dry land portions were tackled with traditional mountain tunnelling techniques, with a single main tunnel.[9] However, for the 23.3-kilometre undersea portion, three bores were excavated with increasing diameters respectively: an initial pilot tunnel, a service tunnel, and finally the main tunnel. The service tunnel was periodically connected to the main tunnel with a series of connecting shafts, at 600- to 1,000-metre intervals.[10] The pilot tunnel serves as the service tunnel for the central five-kilometre portion.[9]
Beneath the Tsugaru Strait, the use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was abandoned after less than two kilometres (1.2 miles) owing to the variable nature of the rock and difficulty in accessing the face for advanced grouting.[4][9] Blasting with dynamite and mechanical picking were then used to excavate.
Maintenance
A 2002 report by Michitsugu Ikuma described, for the undersea section, that "the tunnel structure appears to remain in a good condition".[11] The amount of inflow has been decreasing with time, although it "increases right after a large earthquake".[11]
Structure
Originally, only narrow gauge track was laid through the tunnel, but in 2005 the Hokkaido Shinkansen project started construction has included laying dual-gauge track and linking the tunnel into the Shinkansen network. Shinkansen trains will be able to traverse the tunnel to Hakodate from 2015 and eventually Sapporo. The tunnel has 52 km (32 mi) of continuous welded rail.[12] Two stations are located within the tunnel itself: Tappi-Kaitei Station and Yoshioka-Kaitei Station. The stations serve as emergency escape points. In the event of a fire or other disaster, both stations provide the equivalent safety of a much shorter tunnel. The effectiveness of the escape shafts located at the emergency stations is enhanced by having exhaust fans to extract smoke, television cameras to help route passengers to safety, thermal (infrared) fire alarm systems, and water spray nozzles.[7]
Previously, both stations contained museums detailing the history and function of the tunnel that could be visited on special sightseeing tours. Only Tappi-Kaitei remains as a museum, the museum function at Yoshioka-Kaitei closing on 16 March 2006 to provide a storage room for work on the upgrades related to the Hokkaido Shinkansen service.[13]
The two stations were the first railway stations in the world built under the sea.[citation needed]
See also
- Seikan Tunnel Tappi Shako Line
- Train on Train, an experimental concept for conveying freight at higher speeds through the tunnel
- JR Freight Class EH800, new AC freight locomotives under development to haul trains through the Seikan Tunnel
- Bering Strait crossing
References
- ↑ http://jr.hakodate.jp/global/english/train/tunnel/tunnel_omosiro.htm
- ↑ http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/extreme_machines/4217338.html?series=23
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Matsuo, S. (1986). "An overview of the Seikan Tunnel Project Under the Ocean". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 1 (3/4): 323–331. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(86)90015-5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Paulson, B. (1981). "Seikan Undersea Tunnel". American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Construction Division 107 (3): 509–525.
- ↑ "Japan Opens Undersea Rail Line". Associated Press. 14 March 1988. p. 6B.
- ↑ Galloway, Peter (25 February 1981). "Japan's super tunnel a political nightmare". Special to The Globe and Mail. p. 15.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Morse, D. (May 1988). "Japan Tunnels Under the Ocean". Civil Engineering 58 (5): 50–53.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Takashima, S. (2001). "Railway Operators in Japan 2: Hokkaido (pdf)". Japan Railway and Transport Review 28: 58–67.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Tsuji, H., Sawada, T. and Takizawa, M. (1996). "Extraordinary inundation accidents in the Seikan undersea tunnel". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering 119 (1): 1–14.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kitamura, A. & Takeuchi, Y. (1983). "Seikan Tunnel". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 109 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1983)109:1(25).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ikuma, M. (2005). "Maintenance of the undersea section of the Seikan Tunnel". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2): 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2003.10.001.
- ↑ "Seikan Tunnel Museum". 記念館案内 青函トンネル記念館 公式ホームページ. Retrieved 2006-05-08.
- ↑ "March 2006". jrtr.net. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seikan Tunnel. |
- The Seikan Tunnel, Aomori Prefecture Government, version of 3 May 2006 at the Internet Archive
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