Secret Service codename
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President John F. Kennedy, codename "Lancer" with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, codename "Lace"
The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations.[1] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.[2][3] The Secret Service does not choose these names, however. The White House Communications Agency assigns them.[4] WHCA was originally created as the White House Signal Detachment under Franklin Roosevelt.
The WHCA, an agency of the White House Military Office, is headquartered at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling and consists of six staff elements and seven organizational units. WHCA also has supporting detachments in Washington, D.C. and various locations throughout the United States of America.
According to established protocol, good codewords are unambiguous words that can be easily pronounced and readily understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language. Traditionally, all family members' code names start with the same letter.[5]
The codenames change over time for security purposes, but are often publicly known. For security, codenames are generally picked from a list of such 'good' words, but avoiding the use of common words which could likely be intended to mean their normal definitions.
Presidents of the United States and their families
- Woodrow Wilson
- Edith Wilson - Grandma[6]
- Harry S. Truman - General[4] or Supervise[7][8]
- Bess Truman - Sunnyside[7][8][9]
- Dwight Eisenhower - Scorecard[1] or Providence[7][8][10]
- John F. Kennedy - Lancer[7][8][10][12]
- Jacqueline Kennedy - Lace[7][8][10][13]
- Caroline Kennedy - Lyric[10]
- John F. Kennedy, Jr. - Lark[14]
- Rose Kennedy - Coppertone[7][15]
- Ethel Kennedy - Sundance[7]
- Lyndon Johnson - Volunteer[7][8][10]
- Lady Bird Johnson - Victoria[7][8][10][16]
- Lynda Bird Johnson - Velvet[10][17]
- Luci Baines Johnson - Venus[7][10]
- Richard Nixon - Searchlight[7][8][10][11][11][12]
- Pat Nixon - Starlight[7][10]
- Patricia Nixon Cox - Sugarfoot[11][18]
- Edward F. Cox - Seminole[11]
- Julie Nixon Eisenhower - Sunbonnet[11][18]
- David Eisenhower - Sahara[11]
- Gerald Ford - Passkey[7][8] or Pass Key[10]
- Betty Ford - Pinafore[7][10][19]
- Susan Ford - Panda[7][10][20]
- Michael Ford - Professor[10]
- Jack Ford - Packman[10]
- Jimmy Carter - Lock Master[7] or Deacon[8][9][10][12]
- Rosalynn Carter - Lotus Petal[7] or Dancer[8][9][10]
- Amy Carter - Dynamo[9][10][21]
- Chip Carter - Diamond[15]
- Jack Carter - Derby[15]
- Jeff Carter - Deckhand[15]
- Ronald Reagan - Rawhide[7][8][10][12][22]
- Nancy Reagan - Rainbow[7][8][10]
- Maureen Reagan - Rhyme,[7] Rosebud[7][23]
- Michael Reagan - Riddler[7][23]
- Patti Davis - Ribbon[7][10]
- Ron Reagan - Reliant[7][10]
- Doria Reagan - Radiant[7][10]
- George H. W. Bush - Timberwolf[7][8][10]
- Bill Clinton - Eagle[8][10]
- Hillary Rodham Clinton - Evergreen[8][10]
- Chelsea Clinton - Energy[10]
- George W. Bush - Tumbler,[7][8][25] later Trailblazer[8][10][22]
- Barack Obama - Renegade[7][12][22][27]
Vice Presidents of the United States and their families
- Spiro Agnew - Pathfinder[11]
- Judy Agnew - Photograph[11]
- Nelson Rockefeller - Sandstorm[15][29]
- Happy Rockefeller - Shooting Star or Stardust[29]
- Walter Mondale - Cavalier[7][9] or Dragon[15]
- Joan Mondale - Cameo[7]<ref name="nndb"/[9]>
- Eleanor Mondale - Calico[7][15]
- Ted Mondale - Centurion[7][15]
- William Mondale - Chessman
- Dan Quayle - Scorecard[7] or Supervisor[7][15]
- Marilyn Quayle - Sunshine[7][15]
From left to right: President Bill Clinton, codename "Eagle"; Chelsea Clinton, codename "Energy"; Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, codename "Evergreen"; Vice President Al Gore, codename "Sundance".
- Al Gore - Sundance[8][15][27] or Sawhorse[7]
- Dick Cheney - Angler[7][8][12][15]
- Lynne Cheney - Author[7][32]
- Mary Cheney - Alpine[7][8]
- Joe Biden - Celtic[7][8][33]
- Jill Biden - Capri[7][8][34]
Political candidates and their spouses
U.S. Secret Service codenames are often given to high-profile political candidates (such as Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates), and their respective families and spouses who are assigned U.S. Secret Service protection. These codenames often differ from those held if they are elected or those from prior periods if they held positions needing codenames.
1968
- Eugene McCarthy - Instructor[7][15]
1976
- Jimmy Carter - Dasher (During Campaign)[35]
- Bob Dole - Ramrod[7][36][37]
- Elizabeth Dole - Rainbow[36][37]
- Morris Udall - Dashboard[38]
1980
- John B. Anderson - Miracle,[7] Starburst[7] or Stardust[7][15]
- George H. W. Bush - Sheepskin (During 1980 Campaign) [40]
- Phil Crane - Swordfish[7][15]
- Ted Kennedy - Sunburn[7][12][15]
1984
- Geraldine Ferraro - Duster[41]
- John Glenn - Iron[42]
- Jesse Jackson - Thunder[7][15][36][41][42][43]
- Walter Mondale - Dragon[41][42]
1988
- Michael Dukakis - Peso[7]
- Jesse Jackson - and Pontiac (1988)[15][43]
- Gary Hart - Redwood[7][15]
2004
- John Kerry - Minuteman[27][44]
- Teresa Heinz Kerry- Mahogany[44]
2008
- Hillary Rodham Clinton - Evergreen[10]
- Bill Clinton - Eagle [10]
- John McCain - Phoenix[7][8][45]
- Cindy McCain - Parasol[7][8][12][45]
- Meghan McCain - Peter Sellers (Peter)[46]
- John Sidney McCain IV - Popeye[46]
- Bridget McCain - Pebbles[46]
- Sarah Palin - Denali[8][47]
- Todd Palin - Driller[8][47]
2012
- Mitt Romney - Javelin[12][48]
- Ann Romney - Jockey[49]
- Rick Santorum - Petrus[12][48]
- Newt Gingrich - T-Rex[50]
- Paul Ryan - Bowhunter[12][51]
Government officials
- Kennedy Administration
- Cabinet
- Staff
- Rear Adm. George Burkley (Physician to the President) - Market[52][53]
- General Chester Clifton - Watchman[7][52]
- Andrew Hatcher - Winner[7]
- Malcolm Kilduff - Warrior[7][52]
- Evelyn Lincoln - Willow[52]
- Godfrey McHugh - Wing[52]
- Kenneth O'Donnell - Wand[52]
- Captain Tazewell Shepard(Naval Aide) - Witness[52]
- Lyndon Johnson Administration
- Staff
- Walter Jenkins - Vigilant[52]
- Pierre Salinger - Wayside[7][52][54]
- Staff
- Nixon Administration
- Cabinet
- Henry Kissinger - Woodcutter[7][11][55]
- Staff
- Ollie Atkins (White House Photographer) - Hawkeye[11]
- James Baker - Fencing Master or Foxtail[15]
- Dwight Chapin - Watchdog[11]
- Kenneth Reese Cole, Jr. - Spectator[11]
- John Ehrlichman - Wisdom[7][11][15]
- Tim Elbourne (White House Aide) - Snapshot[11]
- Alexander Haig - Claw Hammer[7]
- H. R. Haldeman - Welcome[7][11][15]
- Lawrence Higby - Semaphore[11]
- James D. Hughes - Red Barron[11]
- Herbert G. Klein - Witness[11]
- William Lukash (Physician_to_the_President) - Sawhorse[9][11]
- Clark MacGregor - Whipcrack[11]
- William Timmons - Windowpane[11]
- Walter Tkach (Physician_to_the_President) - Signature[11]
- Ronald H. Walker - Roadrunner[11]
- Rose Mary Woods - Strawberry[7][11][15]
- Ron Ziegler - Whale Boat[7][11][15]
- Cabinet
- Ford Administration
- Staff
- Ron Nessen - Clam Chowder[7][15]
- Dick Cheney - Backseat[56]
- Staff
- Carter Administration
- Cabinet
- Cyrus Vance - Fade Away[9]
- Harold Brown - Finley[9]
- Staff
- Zbigniew Brzeziński - Hawkeye[7][9][15]
- Bert Lance - Dumbo[57]
- Cabinet
- Reagan Administration
- William French Smith - Flivver[7]
- Terrel Bell - Foxcraft[7]
- George W. Bush Administration
- Scott McClellan - Matrix (generic name for White House Press Secretary)[58]
- Andy Card - Potomac,[8] later Patriot [7][8][59]
- Josh Bolten - Fatboy [7][8][59]
- Elaine Chao - Firebird [7][8]
- Obama Administration
- Rahm Emanuel - Black Hawk[60]
- Tim Geithner - Fencing Master (generic codename for Secretary of the Treasury)[61]
Congressional officials
- Strom Thurmond - Footprint[7][15]
- Howard Baker - Snapshot[7][15][62]
- Thomas P. O'Neill - Flag Day[9]
Other individuals
Queen Elizabeth II, codename "Kittyhawk".
- Israel
- Menachem Begin - Cedar[7]
- Hasia Begin Milo - Crystal
- Menachem Begin - Cedar[7]
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Bebe Rebozo - Christopher[7]
- Frank Sinatra - Napoleon[7][64]
- Vatican
- Pope John Paul II - Halo[7][22]
Locations, objects, and places
U.S. Secret Service codenames are not only given to people, they are often given to places, locations and even objects, such as aircraft like Air Force One, and vehicles such as the Presidential State Car.
- Joint Base Andrews - Acrobat or Andy [65]
- The Presidential Motorcade - Bamboo[65]
- The Harry S Truman Building (Department of State headquarters) - Birds-eye[65]
- Camp David - Cactus[65] or Buckeye
- The Vice President's office - Cobweb[65]
- The Vice President's staff - Pacemaker[65]
- The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City - Roadhouse[65]
- Air Force One - Angel or Cowpuncher[65]
- The U.S. Presidential State Car - Stagecoach[29]
- Follow-up car - Halfback[29]
- The White House - Castle (Crown referring to the Executive Mansion, the central representative and office spaces of the White House) [66]
- The Capitol - Punch bowl [67]
- The White House Situation Room - Cement Mixer [67]
- Eisenhower Executive Office Building (part of the White House Complex) - Central[68]
- Washington Dulles International Airport - Curbside [67]
- The temporary residence of the President - Charcoal or Base [68]
- The Pentagon - Calico [68]
- White House garage - Carpet [68]
- J. Edgar Hoover Building (FBI Headquarters) - Cork [68]
- Lyndon Baines Johnson's ranch - Volcano [68]
In popular culture
In popular culture, the practice of assigning codenames is often used to provide additional verisimilitude in fictional works about the executive branch, or high-ranking governmental figures.
- 24
- President Wayne Palmer – Citadel
- President Allison Taylor- Liberty
- The American President
- Andrew Shepherd - Liberty[69]
- Chasing Liberty
- First Daughter Anna Foster - Liberty.[70]
- First Daughter
- Samantha Mackenzie - Lucky Charm[71]
- First Kid
- In the Line of Fire
- The President - Traveler[73]
- Jericho
- President Jon Tomarchio - Condor[74]
- Olympus Has Fallen
- The White House - Olympus
- President's Son Connor - Sparkplug
- The Sentinel
- Tom Clancy's novels
- President Roger Durling in Debt of Honor - Jumper
- Unnamed President in Clear and Present Danger - Wrangler[76]
- Unnamed President in Endwar - American Eagle
- President Jack Ryan in Debt of Honor and Executive Orders - Swordsman[77]
- Dr. Caroline "Cathy" Ryan in Executive Orders - Surgeon[78]
- Olivia "Sally" Ryan in Executive Orders - Shadow[78]
- Jack Ryan, Jr in Executive Orders - Shortstop[78]
- Katie Ryan in Executive Orders - Sandbox[78]
- Kyle Daniel Ryan in The Bear and the Dragon - Sprite[79]
- George Winston (Secretary of the Treasury) in Executive Orders - Trader[80]
- Arnold Van Damm (White House Chief of Staff) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon - Carpenter[79]
- Callie Weston (Chief Speechwriter) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon - Calliope[79]
- Scott Adler (Secretary of State) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon - Eagle[81]
- Benjamin Goodley (National Security Advisor) in Executive Orders - Cardsharp[82]
- Elizabeth Eliot (National Security Advisor) in Sum of All Fears - Harpy
- The West Wing
- President Jed Bartlet - Eagle[83] or Liberty[84]
- Zoey Bartlet - Bookbag[85]
- C. J. Cregg - Flamingo[86]
- Sam Seaborn - Princeton[86]
- Gus Westin (Grandson of Jed Bartlett) - Tonka[87]
- Arnold Vinick - Big Sur[88]
- The Prodigal Daughter
- President Florentyna Kane - Baroness[89]
- Vantage Point
- Henry Ashton - Eagle
- The Last Jihad
- President James MacPherson - Gambit
- Vice President Lewis Rhodes - Topeka
- Vice President Bill Oaks - Checkmate
- Shooter
- President - Flashlight
- Air Force One
- President James Marshall - Boy Scout
See also
- CIA cryptonym
- 00 Agent#Origin of nomenclature
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
- ↑ "Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail". RSSattr=Politics_4452073 (CBS). 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ↑ "OBAMA'S SECRET SERVICE CODE NAME REVEALED". Eurweb. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Huppke, Rex W. (2008-11-10). "'Renegade' joins 'Twinkle,' 'Rawhide,' 'Lancer' on list of Secret Service code names". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ↑ (2008-11-13) "Obama chooses 'Renegade' as his Secret Service code name (while Bush gets to keep 'Trailblazer')", Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ↑ One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62 7.63 7.64 7.65 7.66 7.67 7.68 7.69 7.70 7.71 7.72 7.73 7.74 7.75 7.76 7.77 7.78 7.79 7.80 7.81 7.82 7.83 7.84 7.85 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.89 7.90 7.91 7.92 7.93 7.94 The Secret Service of Alan Kahn By Steven Scher
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 Kessler, Ronald. In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 Jerald F. TerHorst; Ralph Albertazzie. The flying White House: the story of Air Force One.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). "Appendix". Air Force One: A History of the Presidents and Their Planes. Hyperion. p. 227. ISBN 1-4013-0004-9.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 Anne Collins Walker. China Calls: Paving the Way for Nixon's Historic Journey to China.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 11 Great Secret Service Code Names
- ↑ Taraborrelli, Randy J. (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot. Warner Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-446-52426-3. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ "JFK Jr.: As Child and Man, America's Crown Prince". Washington Post. 1999-07-18. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 "NNDB List of Secret Service Codenames". Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ↑ Caesar died in Dallas
- ↑ Lynda Out of the Woods
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The First Daughters Club: Life after the Whitehouse".
- ↑ Mrs Ford tells story different than Ron Nessen Lakeland Ledger - May 18, 1978
- ↑ Susan Ford serious about photography job
- ↑ Watson, Robert P (2004). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. p. 111.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 "'Secret' Obama code name revealed". BBC. 13 November 2008.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Reagan, Maureen. First Father, First Daughter. Little, Brown and Company. p. 329. ISBN 0-316-73636-8.
- ↑ Sawler, Harvey. Saving Mrs. Kennedy. General Store Publishing House. p. 73. ISBN 1-897113-10-2.
- ↑ "Obama becomes ‘Renegade’ on U.S. secret service list". Moscow News №45 2008 (Moscow News). Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ↑ Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War: Inside the Bush White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0473-6.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Kornblut, Anne E. (2007-06-17). "'Renegade' Joins Race For White House: Obama Is Given Code Name by Secret Service". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ↑ "Bloomberg Politics". Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History: An Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. Macmillan. p. 52. ISBN 0-312-33221-1.
- ↑ "What's In A Code Name? It's Not Much Of A Secret". Orlando Sentinel. July 17, 1993. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ↑ "Part 3 - By Karenna Gore". Slate. 1997-01-21. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ↑ Keyes, Alexa (March 21, 2012). "Top Not-So- Secret Service Codenames". ABC News. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ↑ Schor, Elana (2008-09-12). "- guardian.co.uk". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ↑ Candidate Code Names: Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail
- ↑ Carter character and career analyzed anew
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Harlan Daily Enterprise - Sep 21, 1987 Jack Anderson - Secret Service Gears up for the Campaign
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Daily Union - Oct 29, 1976 Rainbow Enjoys Campaign
- ↑ Code names give insight into candidates - The Telegraph - Mar 15, 1987
- ↑ Keke Anderson: I'm a mother, not a fighter Boca Raton News - Oct 16, 1980
- ↑ Texas Next: Can Carter win there? Spokane Daily Chronicle - Apr 28, 1980
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Duster: Women can do anything The Southeast Missourian - Nov 5, 1984
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Thunder on the Campaign Trail
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Secret Service says nothing Racist about Jackson Code Name
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 "CNN Transcript, Aired July 29, 2004 - 14:33 ET". Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 "- washingtonpost.com". The Washington Post. 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "Twitter / McCainBlogette: my dad was Phoenix, mom Parasol". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 "- washingtonpost.com". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Ambinder, Marc (2012-03-19). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Romney's and Santorum's Secret Service Code Names: Death Race 2012: GQ on Politics". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- ↑ Ambinder, Marc (2012-11-08). "How the Secret Service Said Goodbye to Mitt Romney: Death Race 2012: GQ on Politics". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- ↑ Martin Bashir Aired on April 27, 2012
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Ambinder, Marc (2012-09-04). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Paul Ryan's Secret Service Code Name!: Death Race 2012: GQ on Politics". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.8 52.9 Manchester, William. The Death of a President: November 20-November 25, 1963.
- ↑ JFK's Back Overplayed
- ↑ "November 22, 1963".
- ↑ Isaacson, Walter (1992). Kissinger: A Biography. Simon and Schuster. p. 314. ISBN 0-7432-8697-9.
- ↑ "Candidates - Dick Cheney". Retrieved November 25, 2013.
- ↑ The Miami News - Aug 29, 1977 Deacon & Dumbo
- ↑ McClellan, Scott (2008). What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-556-6.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1
- ↑ The Atlantic - Revealed: Rahm Emanuel's Secret Service Code Name
- ↑ Politico - Finding the inner Geithner
- ↑ Lawrence Journal-World - Dec 24, 1989 Family photos you'll treasure
- ↑ Hickman, Leo (2008-11-14). "The secret service name game: Barack Obama is codenamed 'Renegade' – but what secret service names would you choose for our UK VIPs". Guardian UK (London: Guardian News and Media Limited 2008). Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- ↑ Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2004). Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man. Nova Publishers,. p. 91. ISBN 1-59033-759-X.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.7 Williams, Stephen P. (2004). How to be President. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-4316-5.
- ↑ William Manchester, The Death of a President, 1967 - 'vocabulary' pages
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 "Project226".
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 Manchester, William (1967). The Death of a President.
- ↑ The American President script
- ↑ Andy Cadiff (director) (2004). Chasing Liberty (Film/DVD). Los Angeles, USA: Warner Brothers.
- ↑ First Daughter - Memorable Quotes
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 First Kid review
- ↑ In the Line of Fire script
- ↑ List of jericho episodes#Season 2
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Gillespie, Eleanor Ringel. "The Sentinel". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (Atlanta, Georgia: Cox Newspapers). Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ↑ Clancy, Thomas (August 1990) [1989]. "12. The Curtain on SHOWBOAT". Clear and Present Danger (Large Print ed.). Thorndike, Maine: Thorndike Press. pp. multiple, incl. p. 391. ISBN 0-89621-930-5.
- ↑ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. pp. multiple. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 212. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 482. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 557. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 131. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 527. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- ↑ "The West Wing Transcripts - Episode 102". Retrieved 2007-08-10.
- ↑ "The West Wing Transcripts - Episode 108". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ↑ "The West Wing Transcripts - Episode 509". Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 "The West Wing Transcripts - Episode 110". Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- ↑ "The West Wing Transcripts - Episode 509". Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ↑ "The West Wing, Episode 7.03, LiveDash TV Transcript". Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ↑ Archer, Jeffrey (1982). The Prodigal Daughter. St. Martin's Paperbacks. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-312-99714-4.
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