Schiermonnikoog
| Schiermonnikoog Skiermûntseach | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Municipality | |||
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.svg.png) | |||
| Coordinates: 53°29′N 6°10′E / 53.483°N 6.167°ECoordinates: 53°29′N 6°10′E / 53.483°N 6.167°E | |||
| Country | Netherlands | ||
| Province | Friesland | ||
| Government[1] | |||
| • Body | Municipal council | ||
| • Mayor | Sjon Stellinga (PvdA) | ||
| Area[2] | |||
| • Total | 199.07 km2 (76.86 sq mi) | ||
| • Land | 43.99 km2 (16.98 sq mi) | ||
| • Water | 155.08 km2 (59.88 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation[3] | 4 m (13 ft) | ||
| Population (November 2013)[4] | |||
| • Total | 942 | ||
| • Density | 21/km2 (50/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Schiermonnikoger | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postcode | 9166 | ||
| Area code | 0519 | ||
| Website | www.schiermonnikoog.nl | ||
Schiermonnikoog ([ˌsxiːr.mɔ.nə.ˈkoʊ̯x] (
); West Frisian: Skiermûntseach) is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland.
The island is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide and is the site of the Netherlands' first national park. The only village on the island is also called Schiermonnikoog. Just under 1,000 people permanently reside on the island, making the municipality the least densely populated in the Netherlands. Because the island is small and flat, only 200 islanders have taken out the special licence allowing them to keep their own car, with the result that the few streets are virtually car-free.
Up to 300,000 people visit the island every year, staying in the 5,500 beds available in holiday homes, apartments and hotels. Most visitors, however, are day trippers (about 4,000/day in July and August alone), with the result that after the last ferry leaves at 6.30pm, calm returns to Langestreek, the village high street.
History
Thanks to the tidal current, the prevailing winds, and North Sea storms, the island is slowly moving to the south and the east. In the year 1250, it lay roughly 2 km to the north of its present position, and it then had a significantly different shape.[5]
The earliest mention of Schiermonnikoog in writing dates from October 1440, in a document written for Philip the Good. The island's first known owners were the monks of Klaarkamp Abbey, a Cistercian monastery near Rinsumageest, on the mainland.[6] "Monnik" means "monk", "schier" is an archaic word meaning "grey", referring to the colour of the monks' habits, and "oog" translates as "island". The name Schiermonnikoog can therefore be translated as Grey Monk Island.[7][8]
During the Reformation, the monasteries in the northern Netherlands were dissolved. In 1580, Schiermonnikoog became the property of the States of Friesland. Around 1640, the States sold the island to the wealthy Stachouwer family, and for the next three centuries, Schiermonnikoog remained private property.
Around 1700, the population of Schiermonnikoog was divided among four villages or settlements. The largest of these was Westerburen, which had developed around the medieval buildings of the grey monks. In 1717 and 1720, storms flooded Westerburen, which had to be abandoned around 1725, because of drifting sand and the advancing sea. In 1756 a new town, named Oosterburen, was built to the east. Nowadays this second village is named Schiermonnikoog, after the island. Also in the 18th century the people of the island rebelled against Lady Catharina Maria Stachouwer, and the States of Friesland sent troops to protect her and to restore law and order.
In August 1799, during the Napoleonic Wars, a small Royal Navy squadron under Captain Adam Mackenzie of HMS Pylades attacked and captured the former Royal Navy gun-brig Crash, moored between Schiermonnikoog and Groningen. The boats of Mackenzie's squadron then attacked the six-gun Dutch schooner Vengeance and a battery on Schiermonnikoog. The British were able to burn the schooner and spike the guns of the battery.[Note 1]
In 1859, the Stachouwer family sold the island to John Eric Banck from The Hague. Among other works Banck started planting the sand dunes with marram grass to stabilize them. There is now a monument to him on the top of the dike that he built. In 1878 Banck sold the island to a German count, Hartwig Arthur von Bernstorff-Wehningen. The count died in 1940, when his son Bechtold Eugen Graf von Bernstorff inherited Schiermonnikoog. The same year, during the Second World War, KLM briefly initiated passenger and postal services to Schiermonnikoog and nearby Ameland, landing its Douglas DC-3s on the beach. In May the Germans invaded the Netherlands, and the Wehrmacht occupied the island, but Bernstorff ensured that the islanders were largely left in peace. During the War, the German Army heavily fortified the island as part of the Atlantic Wall defence line, and the number of German troops came to equal the island's own population of 600. Towards the end of the war, hundreds of SS troops, along with members of the SD, fled to the island, reinforcing the German contingent already there. After the war ended, the Germans on the island failed to surrender, and the Canadian forces which were responsible for the sector did not want to have to fight to force their surrender. Eventually, the German commander agreed to surrender and the German soldiers were evacuated to Wilhelmshaven in Germany, and on 11 June 1945 the island became the last part of Europe liberated from Axis occupation by the Allies.
After the War, the Dutch government confiscated Schiermonnikoog from its German owner as 'enemy property'. It became an independent municipality in 1949, as part of the Province of Friesland. Bernstorff, the island's former owner, died in 1987 and was buried on Schiermonnikoog in the graveyard of the Reformed Church.
On 1 January 2006 the eastern border of the island was moved to the east, further into the former territory of the municipality of Eemsmond in the province of Groningen, which received compensation of about 30,000 euros. This was done to give the municipality of Schiermonnikoog the possibility to take action on its own land in the case of a calamity or disaster.
Tourism
The main source of income on Schiermonnikoog is tourism. The island houses a campground, a ferry pier, a tidal harbour for small vessels and approximately 15 hotels and hundreds of vacation houses and apartments. The eastern part of the island forms an important nature reserve, with access very restricted during the breeding season of the many birds that nest there. The island as a whole is Schiermonnikoog National Park, one of the Dutch national parks.
Travel
The only public transport to Schiermonnikoog is a ferry from the lock and harbour complex of Lauwersoog. Even during the winter months there are more than two connections per day.
Tourists are not allowed to bring their cars with them on the ferry. Buses connect the village with the ferry. The most common form of transport is by bicycle; a network of cycle paths criss-crosses the island.
Due to environment and health concerns, since 2013 six Chinese electric buses BYD ebus (range of about 250 km) are the only buses on the island for at least the 15 year contract period (BYD won the contract, beating its European opponents).[9]
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ This exploit would earn those Royal Navy seamen who survived until 1847 the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "SCHIERMONNIKOOG 12 AUGT. 1799".
References
- ↑ "College van B & W" [Board of mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Schiermonnikoog. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ↑ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten" [Key figures for neighbourhoods]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ↑ "Postcodetool for 9166LZ". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ↑ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ↑ Van de Ven, G. (editor) (1996). Leefbaar laagland, p. 90. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Matrijs. ISBN 90-5345-031-9.
- ↑ Stenvert, R. et al. (2000). Monumenten in Nederland: Friesland, p. 265–267. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. ISBN 90-400-9476-4.
- ↑
- ↑ van Dale, Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal (12th edition)
- ↑ http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samochodyelektryczne.org%2Fbyd_dostarczy_6_autobusow_elektrycznych_na_schiermonnikoog.htm
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schiermonnikoog. |
- Website of Schiermonnikoog
- Tourism Office Website
- Wagenborg: Ferry Service to Schiermonnikoog and Ameland
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North Sea | | ||
| Ameland |  |
Eemsmond (Rottumerplaat)(GR) | ||
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| Wadden Sea Dongeradeel |
Wadden Sea De Marne (GR) |
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