Sarcodon imbricatus
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Sarcodon imbricatus, commonly known as the shingled hedgehog or scaly hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the order Thelephorales. The mushroom itself is edible. Many sources report it has a bitter taste, but others have found it delicious and suspect that the bitter specimens may be similar related species.[1] The mushroom has a large, brownish cap with large brown scales and may reach 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. On the underside it sports greyish brittle teeth instead of gills, and has white flesh. The spore print is brown. It is associated with spruce (Abies), appearing in autumn. It ranges throughout North America and Europe, although collections from the British Isles are now assigned to another species.
Taxonomy
The Swedish botanist Olof Celsius reported in 1732 that Sarcodon imbricatus occurred in the vicinity of Uppsala, and Linnaeus wrote of it in his 1737 work Flora lapponica.[2] It was one of the species initially described by Linnaeus, as Hydnum imbricatum, in Volume Two of his Species Plantarum in 1753.[3] The specific epithet is the Latin imbricatus meaning "tiled" or "with overlapping tiles".[4] It was then placed in the genus Sarcodon by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek stems sarco- 'flesh' and odon 'tooth'.[5]
For many years, Sarcodon imbricatus was described associated with both spruce and pine, although the latter forms were smaller and noted to be more palatable by mushroom hunters in Norway. Furthermore, the mushroom has been used as a source of pigment and collectors noted that fresh specimens collected under pine yielded pigment, but only old ones collected under spruce. Molecular analysis of the DNA revealed the two forms to be distinct genetically, and thus populations of what had been described as S. imbricatus were now assigned to Sarcodon squamosus, which includes collections in the British Isles and the Netherlands.[6]
Description
The mushrooms, or fruiting bodies, can be quite large in size. the brownish or greyish cap measures up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and is covered with coarse darker brown scales. It is funnel-shaped. The underside bears soft, pale grey 'teeth' rather than gills. These are 0.5–1 cm long and brittle. The pale grey or brown stem may reach 8 centimetres (3.1 in) high and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) wide, and may be narrower at the base and is sometimes eccentric.[2][6][7]
From above, it may be confused with the old man of the woods (Strobilomyces strobilaceus) as both have a similar shaggy cap.[7] The bitter and inedible Sarcodon amarascens can be distinguished by its bluish-black stipe.[8]
Distribution and habitat
They grow in association with firs (Abies), especially in hilly or mountainous areas,[8] and can appear on sandy or chalk soils in fairy rings.[7] The usual fruiting season in August to October.[2] It ranges throughout North America and Europe,[9] although collections from the British Isles are now assigned to another species, Sarcodon squamosus.[10]
Uses
Old mushrooms of Sarcodon imbricatus and related species contain blue-green pigments, which are used for dyeing wool in Norway.[11]
Edibility
The fungus can be bitter, although this is less apparent in younger specimens. Submerging the mushrooms in boiling water will remove this.[7] It can be pickled or dried and used as flavouring.[8] In Bulgaria it is collected, dried and finely ground to be used as an aromatic mushroom flour.[12] It is reported as edible but of poor quality in the United States by some sources[9] but as deliciously edible by others.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wells, Mary Hallock; D. H. Mitchel, M.D. Mushrooms of Colorado and Adjacent Areas. Denver, CO: Denver Museum of Natural History. p. 58.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nilson S. & Persson O. (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Penguin. p. 76. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
- ↑ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1753). Species Plantarum: Tomus II. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 1178.
- ↑ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johanneson H, Ryman S, Lundmark H, Danell E (1999). (abstract) "Sarcodon imbricatus and S. squamosus – two confused species". Mycological Research 103 (11): 1447–52. doi:10.1017/S0953756299008709. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 170. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. p. 106. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. p. 620. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ↑ Phillips R (2006). Mushrooms. London: Pan MacMillan. p. 323. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ↑ Rice M, Beebee D. (1980). Mushrooms for Color. Mad River Press : Eureka.
- ↑ Z. Angelova. Гъбите в България. Картография ЕООД (Bulgaria).