Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
| Santa Bárbara d'Oeste | |||
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| Nickname(s): Pérola Açucareira (Sugar Pearl) | |||
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| Coordinates: 22°45′16″S 47°24′51″W / 22.75444°S 47.41417°W | |||
| Country |
 Brazil | ||
| State | São Paulo | ||
| Mesoregion | Campinas | ||
| Microregion | Campinas | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Denis Eduardo Andia | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 271.492 km2 (104.824 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 570 m (1,870 ft) | ||
| Population (2009) | |||
| • Total | 189,573 | ||
| • Density | 700/km2 (1,800/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Barbarenses | ||
| Time zone | UTC-3 (UTC-3) | ||
| HDI (2000) | 0.819 – high | ||
| Website | link | ||
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a town and municipality in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. Located in the northeast region of Campinas, it lies about 138 kilometres (86 mi) northwest of the State capital. It occupies an area of 272.2 square kilometres (105.1 sq mi), of which 43.1 square kilometres (16.6 sq mi) is urban.[1] In 2010, the population was estimated at 180,148 inhabitants by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,[2] and was the 43rd most populous of São Paulo and the sixth in the metropolitan region of Campinas.[3]
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste has an annual average temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F), and the original vegetation of the municipality predominates the Atlantic. With an urbanization rate of 98.73%, the municipality had 44 medical institutions in 2009. Its human development index (HDI) is rated as 0.819 in relation to the State.[3]
The city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste was emancipated from the Constitution (now Piracicaba) in 1900. However, it was founded 4 December 1818, when the Church was built, and was named in honor of the Patron Saint, Santa Barbara. Margaret Grace Martins is regarded as the founder of the municipality because she donated land for the construction of the array, so the city is the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman.[4] The city is also regarded as the birthplace of the automobile industry in Brazil, as it was responsible for production of the first car of Brazil.[4] Today, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is subdivided into slightly more than 130 districts.[5]
The municipality has an important cultural tradition, ranging from craft to theater, music and sports. American immigration has brought various influences on the cultural and tourist attractions, such as the Party of immigration, the fair of Nations and the Confederate Party Brazil-United States. Located in the municipality is the cemetery of the field, best known as the Graveyard of the Americans. It is administered by the fraternity of American Descent who regularly promote meetings and events aimed at preserving the traditions and customs of American immigrants.[6]
History
Origins
Until around 1810, the area where the region of the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is located was virgin forest. That year, the place began to be challenged with the opening of a road linking the parish of Santo Antônio de Piracicaba to Villa de San Carlos de Campinas. With these works, it turned into a soil massapé region conducive for growing and bathed by many waters. From this, new allotments were demarcated for sale.[7]
Margaret Grace Martins, widow of sergeant major Francisco de Paula Martins, bought an allotment of two leagues square, bound on the north by the Piracicaba river and northeast with the Quilombo Creek. There, she founded a farm with a sugar plantation and instructed her son, Captain Manoel Francisco Grace Martins, to administer the lands. In 1818, she took care to initiate the formation of a settlement and build a chapel, under the invocation of Saint Barbara. To constitute the wealth of the new core, she made the donation of an area approximately 30 bushels.[5] Because Margarida was originally the owner of the lands of the village, the town is best known for becoming the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman. As the chapel was erected in 1818, the date of Foundation is considered to be 4 December of that year.[4][7]
The District of Santa Barbara was created years later after the formation of the settlement and the construction of the Chapel, by provincial law No. 9 on 18 February 1842. It was transferred from the municipality of Campinas for the Constitution, by No 1, 23 January 1844. By provincial law No. 12, on 2 March 1846, the district came to belong to the Municipality of Piracicaba, ex-Constituição. The provincial law No. 2, 15 June 1869 officially created the municipality, under the name of Santa Barbara, with territory dismembered from Piracicaba. The municipal seat was given city forums by State law No. 1,038, on 19 December 1906. The Municipality has always been made up of a single district. By Decree-Law No. 14,334, on 30 November 1944, it was renamed Santa Bárbara d'Oeste in honor of the Patron Saint.[5]
19th century
As the area was being settled, new farmers arrived in the city. In 16 April 1839, it rose to the position of Capela Curada de Santa Bárbara of Toledos[4] (the name "Toledos" was added in reference to the stream that crossed the city, named Ribeirao of Toledos), becoming the Fourth District of Vila Nova da Constituição (now the city of Piracicaba) and the sixteenth district of Porto Feliz. Then, on 18 February 1842, the chapel was elevated from capela curada, an official title given by the Catholic Church to certain villages, to freguesia by the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo, under provincial law No. 9, sanctioned by the President of the Province José da Costa Carvalho, Baron de Monte Alegre.[7]
On 23 January 1844, the parish of Santa Barbara was incorporated into the city of Campinas. The provincial law published in 2 March 1846 made Santa Barbara a part of Vila da Constituição (Piracicaba) again. Then, under the provincial law No. 2 June 15, 1869, it became Vila de Santa Bárbara dos Toledos, separating it from Piracicaba.[7]
20th and 21st centuries
The sugar industry had big boost in the late 19th century due to the increase in demand for sugar. At this time, large sugar mills were installed in the city, such as Plant de Cillo Santa Bárbara (now disabled). Consequently, from the 1920 emerged several industries, including textiles and agricultural implements. Over the years, there were new industries and, on 5 September 1956, the first Brazilian car, the Romi-Isetta, was released.[7]
During the 1960s and 1970s, with the rapid development of Americana, many people came looking for jobs and housing. Because the territory was too small, many of these people settled in the border between Santa Bárbara and Americana, creating a conurbation and giving rise to the region known as the East side of Santa Barbara. This also occurred because most of the population did not know where one municipality ended and the other began because the boundaries of the municipalities was still not totally fixed. The problem was solved and the boundaries of the cities were fixed as the avenue that cuts through the region, which was named Avenida da Amizade. The conurbation, despite having brought development to Santa Barbara, also brought problems. The large increase in population drained public accounts, which were not prepared to receive such a large influx of people and defray the costs. This caused years of economic stagnation, which is now being overcome thanks to the development of the city and of the entire region.[7]
Since the 2000s, thanks to public and private investment, the city is reaching its economic and social balance, becoming an increasingly competitive municipality in the metropolitan region of Campinas. Legal incentives for businesses that invest in the city were created, and the work of expanding the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, whose route passes through the municipality, has brought new opportunities for development.[7]
Today, Santa Bárbara is one of the major economic forces in the metropolitan region of Campinas, with a good quality of life. The city has a strong industrial character, and is home to companies such as Romi, Usina Furlan, Goodyear, Canatiba, Mazak, and Denso. The city boasts good leisure facilities such as the Tivoli. Tivoli, which opened in November 1998, is one of the main shopping malls and meeting points of the city and has almost 700,000 visitors every month. It serves the population of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Americana, Nova Odessa, Sumaré and Hortolândia, as well as the regions of Piracicaba and Limeira.[7]
American immigration
From 1867 to reach American immigrants, southerners survivors of civil war. Along with their customs and cultures, the Americans also brought new agricultural methods and techniques, contributing greatly to the progress of agriculture. In addition to new farming techniques, the Americans brought new religious faiths for Brazil. In 10 September 1871 was founded the first Brazilian Baptist Church in Santa Bárbara lands.
From all regions who welcomed Americans, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, was one of the most developed. The first Americans to arrive in the city were Colonel William Hutchinson Norris, an American Civil War veteran and former Senator from the State of Alabama, and his son, who began to teach courses on cotton cultivation techniques to local farmers. Once established, received the rest of the family and other countrymen.
American immigration has initiated one of the main events of the city. Quarterly happens in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste fraternity meeting American descent and, annually, the Confederate Party Brazil-United States in field Cemetery, where descendants of the whole country, dressed in clothes typical of the South of the United States, come together to preserve their traditions. Many immigrants who came to Santa Bárbara d'Oeste achieved national prominence, as was the case with Pearl Byington, a philanthropist and social activist born in the city.
Descendants of the immigrants
The first generation of Confederados remained an insular community, but by the third generation, most of the families had intermarried with native Brazilians or immigrants of other origins. Descendants of the Confederados increasingly spoke the Portuguese language and identified themselves as Brazilians. As the area around Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana turned increasingly to the production of sugar cane and society became more mobile, the Confederados drifted to cities. Today, only a few descendant families still live on the original land owned by their ancestors. The descendants of the original Confederados are mostly scattered throughout Brazil but maintain the headquarters of their descendant organization at the Campo Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste.
The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag even though they all consider themselves completely Brazilian. Modern Confederados distance themselves from any of the racial controversies.
In Brazil, the Confederate flag has not previously had the racial stigma that has been attached to it in the United States. Many descendants are of mixed-race and reflect the varied racial categories that make up Brazilian society in their physical appearance. Recently the Brazilian residents of Americana, now of primarily Italian descent, have removed the Confederate flag from the city's crest citing the fact that Confederados now make up only 10% of the city's population. The Confederate flag was associated with the city in the wake of Jimmy Carter's visit to the region.
In 1972, then Governor (and future President) Jimmy Carter of Georgia visited the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and visited the grave of his wife Rosalyn's great-uncle who was one of the original Confederados.
Culture
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their Protestant religion, they established their own cemetery. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and highlight its benefits to the nation.
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of American Descendants, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. The Confederados also have an annual festival, called the Festa Confederada which is dedicated to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by Confederate flags, traditional dress of Confederate uniforms and hoop skirts, food of the American south with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the American south during the antebellum period.
The Cemetery of the Americans
The Cemetery of the Americans, also known as the cemetery of the field to be located in the field, was started in 1867 with the burial of Beatrice Oliver, wife of Cel. Oliver, one of the many immigrants who settled in this town from 1866. At the time, the cemetery of the town belonged to the Catholic Church forbade the burial of non-Catholics. With this, the Cel. Oliver following an old Southern custom of the United States buried him his wife and later his daughters on their property. Over the years, he has earmarked an acre of their land so that American families can bury their dead. Today about 500 people are buried there. The cemetery has a recreation area where American descendants hold quarterly meetings and annually, the Confederate Party, receiving visitors from various parts of the country and abroad. It has received distinguished visitors as the former Governor of Georgia, former President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalyn, in the Decade of 1970, as well as representatives of the Consulate and press agencies of the United States.
Events
The municipality conducts several annual festivals such as the feast of immigration, the United Nations, and the Confederate Party Brazil-United States.
Annually, in the month of April, the American Heritage Fraternity, now the Manager of field Cemetery, performs the Brazil-United States Confederate Festival in the recreation area that features cemetery. The party receives visitors from various parts of Brazil and the world, and has counted with the presence of illustrious personalities as, in the 1970, former Governor of Georgia and President of the United States Jimmy Carter and his wife, who have an ancestor buried in place. In the year of 2006 the party attracted 1500 people, there are 23 years is held in the same location and is focused on resuming the tradition and culture of the American immigrant southerners.
During the event there are typical American food stalls such as chicken fingers, burgers and baked corn; bands playing jazz, dixieland, traditional American folk and country, moreover, it is possible to see the Dixie flag — the symbol of the rebel States-scattered everywhere. American folk dances are the highlight of the event. Women dress the character, as the character Scarlett O'Hara, played by Vivien Leigh in the film Gone with the Wind (classic that takes place during the American civil war), and men in army gray uniform, boots and hats, as if they were on a battlefield. The dances are of type square dance (a species of American gang), cancan and other folk dances southerners.
Sports
Estadio Antonio Lins Ribeiro Guimarães.
The main Football Club of the city is the União Barbarense, founded on 22 November 1914. Currently competes in the A1 series of Campeonato Paulista. Their home stadium is "Stadium Antonio Lins Ribeiro Guimarães" with ability to 14,914 persons.
The Esporte Clube Barbarense maintains a swimming team who have obtained significant results in competitions held throughout the State of São Paulo in Brazil.
In 2007 the barbarense swimmer César Cielo Filho, who started his career in this Club, received national prominence by winning three gold medals and one silver medal at the Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro and featured to win the first gold medal of a Brazilian swimmer during the 2008 Summer Olympics.
In September 2010 the pools of Esporte Clube Barbarense hosted one of the most important competitions of Brazil's sports calendar: the Jose Finkel Trophy swim. This competition served as the Brazilian tryouts for the FINA World Swimming Championships of 2010 that was held in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
In 2010, the municipal administration of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is initiating the process of construction of the Polo César Cielo. In accordance with international technical standards, the first Olympic-size swimming pool in the region will have the extension of 50 x 25 meters and depth of 2.5 meters. R $ 3.3 million will be invested in the project, with funds from the Ministry of sports and the City Hall. The total area of water polo will be 3.6 million square feet, with bleachers, locker room and training rooms. The delivery forecast is six months after the end of the bidding process.
References
- ↑ Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite. "São Paulo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ "Censo 2010 – Cidades" (in Portuguese).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ranking decrescente do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil". Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano (in Portuguese). Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). 2000. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Prefeitura. "História". Retrieved 27 January 2011.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cidades@ – IBGE. "Histórico". Retrieved 27 January 2011.
- ↑ Festa Confederada. "Fraternidade Descendência Americana" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Câmara Municipal. "Breve Histórico". Retrieved 27 January 2011.
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