Rubén Jaramillo

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This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Jaramillo and the second or maternal family name is Méndez.
Rubén Jaramillo in an undated photo

Rubén Jaramillo Méndez (1900 – May 23, 1962) was a Mexican military and political leader of campesino origin who participated in the Mexican Revolution. After the Revolution, he continued to fight for the land reform promised under the Mexican Constitution.

Mexican Revolution

Jaramillo was born in Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, in 1900. When he was 15 years old, he joined the Liberation Army of the South under the direct command of Emiliano Zapata.[1] By age 17, Jaramillo had been promoted to the rank of captain and commanded 75 men.[2]

During the 1920s and 1930s, Jaramillo advocated on behalf of ejidos, grants of communally owned land by the federal government to farmers. He supported the 1934 presidential campaign of Lázaro Cárdenas, who created a cooperative sugar mill in Zacatepec in 1938 at Jaramillo's urging. Jaramillo was elected by the workers to help run the mill, but his advocacy on behalf of the workers led to frequent clashes with administrators appointed by the government.[1]

Jaramillista movement

When workers at the Zacatepec sugar mill went on strike in 1943, Jaramillo persuaded the campesinos to stop producing cane for the mill. The state government ordered his arrest, so Jaramillo fled to the mountains and took up arms against the government. He and his followers, known as Jaramillistas, briefly took control of Tlaquiltenango.[3] In 1944, President Manuel Ávila Camacho invited Jaramillo to Mexico City to negotiate an end to the fighting. Ávila granted amnesty to the Jaramillistas and guaranteed their safety.[4]

For the next nine years, Jaramillo fought for land reform within the electoral system. He founded the Agrarian Labor Party of Morelos (Partido Agrario Obrero Morelense, or PAOM), which quickly had 15,000 members. Jaramillo ran as its candidate for governor of Morelos in 1946 and 1952.[5] Jaramillo lost both times, although he and his followers disputed the official election results.[6][7]

In 1953, Jaramillo again led an armed revolt against the government. For the next five years he and the Jaramillistas eluded the army. The army brought cavalry and artillery against the rebels, and it was assisted by the air force. Finally, amnesty was negotiated with President Adolfo López Mateos in 1958.[8][9]

López Mateos had promised Jaramillo he would support the campesinos of Morelos, but Jaramillo was soon disappointed.[9] When cattle ranchers began to take the land previously granted as ejidos, the federal government did nothing. Jaramillo led thousands of farmers in resistance.[10] Jaramillo attempted to negotiate with the government on their behalf. While the government delayed, the campesinos occupied the land illegally. The government asked Jaramillo to help remove the squatters while the legal process continued; most of the farmers agreed. When the federal government ultimately turned down the farmers' request for assistance, Jaramillo appealed to López Mateos but the president refused to meet with him. In 1961, the campesinos again occupied the land. This time, the army removed them.[11]

Death

On May 23, 1962, Jaramillo's home was raided by a group of Federal Judicial Police and soldiers. He, his pregnant wife Epifanía, and their three sons were taken to Xochicalco, Morelos, where they were killed.[12] The only surviving member of the family was a daughter, who had fled to ask the town's mayor for help.[13]

A few days after the murders, Carlos Fuentes went to Xochicalco and wrote an article that was published in Siempre! (Always!), a popular magazine:[14]

They pushed him down. Jaramillo could not hold himself back, he was a lion of the field, that man.... He threw himself at the party of murderers; he was defending his wife and his children, and especially the unborn child; they brought him down with their rifle butts, they knocked out an eye. Epifanía flung herself on the murderers; they tore her rebozo, they tore her dress, they threw her on the stones. [One son] cursed at them; they opened fire and he doubled over and fell beside his pregnant mother, on the stones. While he was still alive, they opened his mouth, picked up fistfuls of earth, pulled open his mouth and laughing filled it with earth. After that it went fast; [the other sons] fell riddled with bullets; the submachine guns spat on the five fallen bodies. The squad waited for them to stop breathing. But they went on living. They put their pistols to the foreheads of the woman and the four men. They fired the finishing shots.[15]

Jaramillo's death was news around the world.[16] He became a folk hero. Villages and schools were named after him. The article by Fuentes was widely reprinted. U.S. singer-songwriter Phil Ochs wrote a song about Jaramillo.[17] Nobody was charged with the killings.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Joseph, Gilbert M.; Henderson, Timothy J., eds. (2002). The Mexico Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 482. ISBN 0-8223-3042-3. 
  2. ↑ Hodges, Donald Clark; Gandy, Ross (2002). Mexico Under Siege: Popular Resistance to Presidential Despotism. London: Zed Books. p. 40. ISBN 1-84277-124-8. 
  3. ↑ Weinberg, Bill (2000). Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico. London: Verso. p. 241. ISBN 1-85984-719-6. 
  4. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. p. 45. 
  5. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. pp. 45–46. 
  6. ↑ Cadena-Roa, Jorge (2003). "State Pacts, Elites, and Social Movements in Mexico's Transition to Democracy". In Goldstone, Jack A. States, Parties, and Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-521-81679-3. 
  7. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. p. 46. 
  8. ↑ Hodges, Donald Clark; Gandy, Ross (2002). Mexico: The End of the Revolution. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 92. ISBN 0-275-97330-1. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. p. 49. 
  10. ↑ Weinberg. Homage to Chiapas. p. 242. 
  11. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. pp. 51–52. 
  12. ↑ Harms, Patricia (Winter 2009). "Rural Resistance in the Land of Zapata: The Jaramillista Movement and the Myth of the Pax Priísta, 1940-1962 (Book review)". Canadian Journal of History 44 (3). Retrieved March 5, 2010. 
  13. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico Under Siege. p. 55. 
  14. ↑ Shorris, Earl (2004). The Life and Times of Mexico. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 335. ISBN 0-393-05926-X. 
  15. ↑ Krauze, Enrique (1997). Mexico: Biography of Power : A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996. Hank Heifetz, trans. New York: HarperCollins. p. 642. ISBN 0-06-016325-9. 
  16. ↑ Hodges; Gandy. Mexico. p. 103. 
  17. ↑ Shorris. The Life and Times of Mexico. p. 336. 

Further reading

  • Fuentes, Carlos (1997) [1996]. "Agrarian Mexico: The Death of Rubén Jaramillo". A New Time for Mexico. Marina Gutman Castañeda and Carlos Fuentes, trans. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21183-9. 
  • Jaramillo, Rubén; Manjarrez, Froylán (1967). Autobiografía (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo. OCLC 1301556. 
  • Macín, Raúl (1970). Jaramillo: Un Profeta Olvidado (in Spanish). Montevideo: Tierra Nueva. OCLC 1684221. 
  • McCormick, Gladys I. (2002). Heroes, Myths, and Citizens in Mexico: The Case of Rubén Jaramillo (Thesis). University of Wisconsin–Madison. 
  • Padilla, Tanalís (2008). Rural Resistance in the Land of Zapata: The Jaramillista Movement and the Myth of the Pax Priísta, 1940-1962. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-4337-1. 
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