Royal Medal

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George IV, who created the award in 1826.

The Royal Medal, also known as The Queen's Medal, is a silver-gilt medal awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge" and one for "distinguished contributions in the applied sciences" made within the Commonwealth of Nations.^[1] The award was created by George IV and first awarded in 1826. Initially there were two medals awarded, both for the most important discovery within the last year, a time period which was lengthened to five years and then shortened to three. The format was supported by William IV and Victoria, who had the conditions changed in 1837 so that mathematics was a subject for which a Royal Medal could be awarded, albeit only every third year.^[1] The conditions were changed again in 1850 so that:

... the Royal Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years and not less than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's approval. ... in the award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each of the two great divisions of Natural Knowledge.^[1]

In 1965, the system was changed to its current format, in which three Medals are awarded annually by the Monarch on the recommendation of the Royal Society Council. Because of its dual nature (covering both physical and biological science) the award winners are chosen by both the A- and B-side Award Committees.^[1] Since its establishment in 1826 the medal has been awarded 405 times.

List of recipients

Year	Name	Field	Rationale^[2]
1826	Ivory, JamesJames Ivory	Mathematics	"For his Paper on Astronomical Refractions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823; and his other valuable Papers on Mathematical Subjects."
1826	Dalton, JohnJohn Dalton	Physics	"For his development of the Atomic Theory and his other important labours and discoveries in Physical Science."
1827	Struve, Friedrich Georg WilhelmFriedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve	Astronomy	"For his Work, entitled, Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium."
1827	Davy, HumphryHumphry Davy	Physics	"For his Bakerian Lecture, On the Relations of Electrical Changes, considered as the last link, in the order of time, of the splendid chain of Discoveries in Chemical Electricity, which has been continued for so many years of his valuable life."
1828	Encke, Johann FranzJohann Franz Encke	Astronomy	"For his Accurate Determination of the Orbit of a Comet of short period, as confirmed by observation."
1828	Wollaston, William HydeWilliam Hyde Wollaston	Chemistry	"For his communication, entitled, On a method of rendering Platina malleable, being the conclusion of a series of researches on the properties of the Metallic Bodies contained in the Ores of Platina."
1829	Bell, CharlesCharles Bell	Anatomy	"For his Discoveries relating to the Nervous System."
1829	Mitscherlich, EilhardEilhard Mitscherlich	Chemistry	"For his Discoveries relating to the Laws of Crystallization, and the Properties of Crystals."
1830	Balard, Antoine JeromeAntoine Jerome Balard	Chemistry	"For his Discovery of Brome."
1830	Brewster, DavidDavid Brewster	Physics	"For his Communications to the Royal Society on the Polarization and other Properties of Light."
1831	No award
1832	No award
1833	Candolle, Augustin Pyramus deAugustin Pyramus de Candolle	Botany	"For his Researches and Investigations in Vegetable Physiology, as detailed in his Work, entitled, Physiologie Vegetale."
1833	Herschel, JohnJohn Herschel	Astronomy	"For his Paper "on the Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars," inserted in the Fifth Volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society."
1834	Lyell, CharlesCharles Lyell	Geology	"For his Work, entitled, Principles of Geology."
1834	Lubbock, John WilliamJohn William Lubbock	Physics	"For his Papers on the Tides published in the Philosophical Transactions."
1835	Faraday, MichaelMichael Faraday	Chemistry	"For his investigations and discoveries contained in the series of experimental researches in electricity published in the Philosophical Transactions, and more particularly for the seventh series, relating to the definite nature of electrochemical action."
1835	Hamilton, William RowanWilliam Rowan Hamilton	Physics	"For the papers published by him in the 16th and 17th volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, entitled Supplement to an Essay on the Theory of Systems of Rays, and more particularly for those investigations at the conclusion of the third and last supplement, which relate to the discovery of conic refraction."
1836	Newport, GeorgeGeorge Newport	Anatomy	"For his series of investigations on the anatomy and physiology of insects, contained in his two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions within the last three years."
1836	Herschel, JohnJohn Herschel	Astronomy	"For his paper on nebulae and clusters of stars, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833."
1837	Whewell, WilliamWilliam Whewell	Physics	"For his researches connected with the theory of the tides, communicated to the Royal Society and published in its Transactions within the last three years."
1838	Talbot, William FoxWilliam Fox Talbot	Mathematics	"For his papers entitled Researches in the Integral Calculus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 and 1837."
1838	Graham, ThomasThomas Graham	Chemistry	"For his paper entitled "Inquiries respecting the Constiitution of salts, of oxalates, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides," published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836."
1839	Ivory, JamesJames Ivory	Mathematics	"For his paper on the theory of the astronomical refractions published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838. Part II."
1839	Barry, MartinMartin Barry	Embryology	"For his papers on embryology, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838 and 1839."
1840	Wheatstone, CharlesCharles Wheatstone	Physiology	"For his paper entitled Contributions to the physiology of vision, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838."
1840	Herschel, JohnJohn Herschel	Astronomy	"For his paper entitled On the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum on preparations of silver, and other substances, both metallic and non-metallic, and on some photogenic processes, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840."
1841	Hodgkinson, EatonEaton Hodgkinson	Engineering	"For his paper entitled Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840."
1841	Kane, RobertRobert Kane	Chemistry	"For his memoir entitled the Chemical History of archil and litmus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840."
1842	Daniell, John FredericJohn Frederic Daniell	Chemistry	"For his letters on the electrolysis of secondary compounds and on voltaic combinations published in the Transactions for 1840 and 1842."
1842	Bowman, WilliamWilliam Bowman	Anatomy	"For his paper on the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney, with observations on the circulation through that gland, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
1843	Wheatstone, CharlesCharles Wheatstone	Physics	"For his paper entitled, an account of several new instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year."
1843	Forbes, James DavidJames David Forbes	Physics	"For his researches on the law of extinction of the solar rays in passing through the atmosphere, contained in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842."
1844	Boole, GeorgeGeorge Boole	Mathematics	"For his paper on a general method in analysis, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
1844	Andrews, ThomasThomas Andrews	Chemistry	" For his paper on the thermal changes accompanying basic substitutions, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year."
1845	Airy, George BiddellGeorge Biddell Airy	Astronomy	"For his paper on the laws of the tides on the coast of Ireland, as inferred from an extensive series of observations made in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year."
1845	Beck, Thomas SnowThomas Snow Beck	Medicine	"For his paper entitled On the nerves of the uterus, which has been ordered for publication in the Philosophical Transactions."
1846	Faraday, MichaelMichael Faraday	Physics	"For his experimental researches in electricity, twentieth and twenty first series, on new magnetic actions, and on the magnetic conditions of all matter, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions part I. for 1845."
1846	Owen, RichardRichard Owen	Biology	"For his paper entitled A description of certain Belemnites preserved with a great proportion of their soft parts in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844."
1847	Fownes, GeorgeGeorge Fownes	Chemistry	"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845, on the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali, and on benzoline, published in the same volume of the Transactions"
1847	Grove, William RobertWilliam Robert Grove	Physics	"For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and 1847, on the gas voltaic battery, and on certain phenomena of voltaic ignition"
1848	Hargreave, Charles JamesCharles James Hargreave	Mathematics	"For his paper on the solution of linear differential equations, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848."
1848	Galloway, ThomasThomas Galloway	Mathematics	"For his paper on the proper motion of the Solar System, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1847"
1849	Sabine, EdwardEdward Sabine	Astronomy	"For his contributions to terrestrial magnetism, published in the Philosophical Transactions parts VII and VIII, and his memoir on the diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Saint Helena, part I."
1849	Mantell, GideonGideon Mantell	Geology	"For his paper on the Iguanodon, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1848, being a continuation of a series of papers by him on the same fossil reptile, by which he has rendered eminent services to geology."
1850	Brodie, BenjaminBenjamin Brodie	Chemistry	"For his investigations on the chemical nature of wax, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848 and 1849."
1850	Graham, ThomasThomas Graham	Chemistry	"For his paper on the motion of gases, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1849."
1851	Parsons, WilliamWilliam Parsons	Astronomy	"For his observations on the nebulae published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1850."
1851	Newport, GeorgeGeorge Newport	Entomology	"For his paper on the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia (first series), published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1851."
1852	Joule, James PrescottJames Prescott Joule	Physics	"For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850."
1852	Huxley, Thomas HenryThomas Henry Huxley	Biology	"For his papers on the anatomy and the affinities of the family of the Medusae, printed in the Philosophical Transactions."
1853	Darwin, CharlesCharles Darwin	Natural history	"For his work entitled Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America, and his work, Fossil Circhipeda of Great Britain, Section Lepadidae, Monograph of the Circhipeda."
1853	Tyndall, JohnJohn Tyndall	Physics	"For his paper on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action, published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1851. (the award of this medal was declined by Dr Tyndall)"
1854	Hofmann, August Wilhelm vonAugust Wilhelm von Hofmann	Chemistry	"For his researches in organic chemistry published in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies."
1854	Hooker, Joseph DaltonJoseph Dalton Hooker	Botany	"For his researches in various branches of science, especially in botany, as naturalist of the Antarctic expedition of Sir James Ross, and in an expedition to the eastern part of the Himalayan range; of which researches part has been published in works entitled The Antarctic Flora, and the Flora of New Zealand, and in various other communications, and part is now in course of publication."
1855	Westwood, John ObadiahJohn Obadiah Westwood	Entomology	"For his various monographs and papers on entomology."
1855	Hind, John RussellJohn Russell Hind	Astronomy	"For the discovery of ten planetoids, the computation of their orbits, and various other astronomical discoveries."
1856	Richardson, JohnJohn Richardson	Natural history	"For his contributions to natural history and physical geography."
1856	Thomson, WilliamWilliam Thomson	Physics	"For his various chemical researches relating to electricity, to the motive power of heat, and to other subjects."
1857	Frankland, EdwardEdward Frankland	Chemistry	"For the isolation of the organic radicals of the alcohols, and for his researches on the metallic derivatives of alcohol."
1857	Lindley, JohnJohn Lindley	Botany	"For his numerous researches and works on all branches of scientific botany, and especially for his vegetable kingdom, and his genera & species of Orchideae."
1858	Hancock, AlbanyAlbany Hancock	Biology	"For his various researches on the anatomy of the mollusca."
1858	Lassell, WilliamWilliam Lassell	Astronomy	"For his various astronomical discoveries and researches."
1859	Cayley, ArthurArthur Cayley	Mathematics	"For his mathematical papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, and in various English and foreign journals."
1859	Bentham, GeorgeGeorge Bentham	Botany	"For his important contributions to the advancement of systematic and descriptive botany."
1860	Waller, Augustus VolneyAugustus Volney Waller	Neurophysiology	"For his investigations into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, and for the introduction of a valuable method of conducting such investigations."
1860	Fairbairn, WilliamWilliam Fairbairn	Structural engineering	"For his various experimental inquiries on the properties of the materials employed in mechanical construction, contained in the Philosophical transactions, and in the publications of other scientific societies."
1861	Sylvester, James JosephJames Joseph Sylvester	Mathematics	"For his various memoirs and researches in mathematical science."
1861	Carpenter, William BenjaminWilliam Benjamin Carpenter	Physiology	"For his researches on the Foraminifera, contained in four memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions, his investigations into the structure of shell, his observations on the embryonic development of Purpura, and his various other writings in physiology and comparative anatomy"
1862	Williamson, Alexander WilliamAlexander William Williamson	Chemistry	"For his researches on the compound ethers, and his subsequent communications in organic chemistry."
1862	Robinson, John Thomas RomneyJohn Thomas Romney Robinson	Astronomy	"For the Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy."
1863	Gassiot, John PeterJohn Peter Gassiot	Physics	"For his researches on the voltaic battery and current, and on the discharge of electricity through attenuated media."
1863	Berkeley, MilesMiles Berkeley	Botany	"For his researches in cryptogamic botany, especially mycology."
1864	Clarke, Jacob LockhartJacob Lockhart Clarke	Anatomy	"For his researches on the intimate structure of the spinal cord and brain, and on the development of the spinal cord, published in five memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions and in other writings."
1864	Rue, Warren De LaWarren De La Rue	Astronomy	"For his observations on the total eclipse of the Sun of 1860, and for his improvements in astronomical photography."
1865	Smith, ArchibaldArchibald Smith	Mathematics	"For his papers in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere, on the magnetism of ships."
1865	Prestwich, JosephJoseph Prestwich	Geology	"For his numerous & valuable contributions to geological science and more especially for his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions on the general question of the excavation of river valleys, and on the superficial deposits in France and England in which the works of man are associated with the remains of extinct animals."
1866	Huggins, WilliamWilliam Huggins	Astronomy	"For his researches on the spectra of some of the chemical elements and on the spectra of certain of the heavenly bodies; and especially for his researches on the spectra of the nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions."
1866	Parker, William KitchenWilliam Kitchen Parker	Anatomy	"For his researches in comparative osteology, and more especially on the anatomy of the skull, as contained in papers published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society and the Philosophical Transactions."
1867	Lawes, John BennetJohn Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert	Chemistry	"For their researches in agricultural chemistry."
1867	Logan, William EdmondWilliam Edmond Logan	Geology	"For his geological researches in Canada, and the construction of a geological map of that colony."
1868	Wallace, Alfred RusselAlfred Russel Wallace	Zoology	"For his labours in practical and theoretical zoology."
1868	Salmon, GeorgeGeorge Salmon	Mathematics	"For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces, published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics."
1869	Matthiessen, AugustusAugustus Matthiessen	Chemistry	"For his researches on the electrical and other physical properties of metals and their alloys."
1869	Maclear, ThomasThomas Maclear	Astronomy	"For his measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope."
1870	Davidson, ThomasThomas Davidson	Paleontology	"For his works on the recent and fossil Brachiopoda, more especially his series of monographs in the publications of the Palaeontographical Society."
1870	Miller, William HallowesWilliam Hallowes Miller	Mineralogy	"For his researches and writings on mineralogy and crystallography, and his scientific labours in the restoration of the National Standard of Weight."
1871	Busk, GeorgeGeorge Busk	Zoology	"For his researches in zoology, physiology, and comparative anatomy."
1871	Stenhouse, JohnJohn Stenhouse	Chemistry	"For his researches on the lichens & their proximate constituents and derivatives, including Erythrite; and for his researches on the action of charcoal in purifying air."
1872	Carter, Henry JohnHenry John Carter	Zoology	"For his long continued and valuable researches in zoology, and more especially for his inquiries into the natural history of the Spongiadae."
1872	Anderson, ThomasThomas Anderson	Chemistry	"For his investigations on the organic bases of Dippells animal oil; on codeine; on the crystallized constituents of opium; on piperin and on papaverin; and for his researches in physiological and animal chemistry."
1873	Allman, George JamesGeorge James Allman	Zoology	"For his researches in zoology, and especially for his memoirs on the structure, development, and physiology of the gymnoblastic hydroids."
1873	Roscoe, Henry EnfieldHenry Enfield Roscoe	Chemistry	"For his various chemical investigations, especially fot those on the chemical action of light, and upon the element Vanadium and its combinations."
1874	Sorby, Henry CliftonHenry Clifton Sorby	Geology	"For his researches on Slaty cleavage and on the minute structure of minerals and rocks; for the construction of the microspectroscope, and for his researches on colouring matters."
1874	Williamson, William CrawfordWilliam Crawford Williamson	Paleontology	"For his contributions to zoology & palaeontology, & especially for his investigations into the structure of the fossil plants of the coal measures."
1875	Oldham, ThomasThomas Oldham	Geology	"For his long & important services in the science of geology, first as Professor of Geology, Trin. Col. Dub. And Director of the Geol. Survey of Ireland & chiefly for the great work which he has long conducted as superintendent of the Geol. Survey of India, also for the series of volumes of geological reports and memoirs, including the Palaeontographica Indica published under his direction."
1875	Crookes, WilliamWilliam Crookes	Chemistry	"For his various chemical and physical researches, more especially for his discovery of thallium, his investigation of its compounds and determination of its atomic weight; and for his discovery of the repulsion referable to radiation."
1876	Thomson, Charles WyvilleCharles Wyville Thomson	Zoology	"For his successful direction of the scientific investigations carried on by HMS Challenger."
1876	Froude, WilliamWilliam Froude	Hydrodynamics	"For his researches both theoretical and experimental on the behaviour of ships, their oscillations, their resistance, & propulsion."
1877	Abel, Frederick AugustusFrederick Augustus Abel	Chemistry	"For his physico-chemical researches on gun cotton & explosive agents."
1877	Heer, OswaldOswald Heer	Natural History	"For his numerous researches & writings on the tertiary plants of Europe, of the North Atlantic, North Asia, and North America, and for his able generalizations respecting their affinities, and their geological & climatic relations."
1878	Gunther, AlbertAlbert Gunther	Zoology	"For his numerous & valuable contributions to the zoology & anatomy of fishes & reptiles."
1878	Broun, John AllanJohn Allan Broun	Meteorology	"For his investigations during thirty five years in magnetism and meteorology & for his improvements in methods of observation."
1879	Ramsay, Andrew CrombieAndrew Crombie Ramsay	Geology	"For his long continued & successful labours in geology and physical geography."
1879	Perkin, William HenryWilliam Henry Perkin	Chemistry	"For his synthetical & other researches in organic chemistry."
1880	Noble, AndrewAndrew Noble	Physics	"For his researches into the action of explosives; his invention of the chronoscope; and other mathematical & physical inquiries."
1880	Lister, JosephJoseph Lister	Surgery	"For his contributions on various physiological & biological subjects published in the Philosophical Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society & elsewhere; and for his labours practical and theoretical, on questions relating to the antiseptic system of treatment in surgery."
1881	Jellett, John HewittJohn Hewitt Jellett	Mathematics	"For his various mathematical & physical papers, more especially for his researches in chemical optics, & his invention of the new and delicate analyser by which they were carried out."
1881	Balfour, Francis MaitlandFrancis Maitland Balfour	Biology	"For his numerous and important contributions to animal morphology; and more especially for his investigations respecting the origin of the urogenital organs and the cerebrospinal nerves of the Vertebrata; and for his work on the development of the Elasmobranch fishes."
1882	Strutt, JohnJohn Strutt	Physics	"For his various papers in mathematical and experimental physics."
1882	Flower, William HenryWilliam Henry Flower	Biology	"For his valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of the Mammalia and to anthropology."
1883	Hirst, Thomas ArcherThomas Archer Hirst	Mathematics	"For his researches in pure mathematics."
1883	Burdon-Sanderson, John ScottJohn Scott Burdon-Sanderson	Physiology	"For the eminent services which he has rendered to physiology and pathology, especially for his investigation of the relations of micro-organisms to disease, and his researches on the electric phenomena of plants."
1884	Darwin, GeorgeGeorge Darwin	Mathematics	"For his mathematical investigations on the rigidity of the Earth, and on tides."
1884	Oliver, DanielDaniel Oliver	Botany	"For his investigations in the classification of plants, and for the great services which he has rendered to taxonomic botany."
1885	Hughes, David EdwardDavid Edward Hughes	Electrical engineering	"For his electric and magnetic researches, and his invention of the microphone & the induction balance."
1885	Lankester, RayRay Lankester	Zoology	"For his discoveries concerning the embryology and morphology of the mollusca and his services to embryology & animal morphology in general."
1886	Tait, Peter GuthriePeter Guthrie Tait	Physics	"For his various mathematical and physical researches."
1886	Galton, FrancisFrancis Galton	Biology	"For his statistical inquiries into biological phenomena."
1887	Clarke, Alexander RossAlexander Ross Clarke	Geodesy	"For his comparison of standards of length and determination of the figure of the Earth."
1887	Moseley, Henry NottidgeHenry Nottidge Moseley	Natural history	"For his numerous researches in animal morphology, and especially his investigations."
1888	Reynolds, OsborneOsborne Reynolds	Physics	"For his investigations in mathematical & experimental physics, and on the application of scientific theory to engineering."
1888	Mueller, Ferdinand vonFerdinand von Mueller	Geography	"For his long services in Australian exploration and for his investigations of the flora of the Australian continent."
1889	Thorpe, Thomas EdwardThomas Edward Thorpe	Chemistry	"For his researches on fluorine compounds, and his determination of the atomic weights of titanium and gold."
1889	Gaskell, Walter HolbrookWalter Holbrook Gaskell	Physiology	"For his researches in cardiac physiology and his important discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system."
1890	Hopkinson, JohnJohn Hopkinson	Physics	"For his researches in magnetism and electricity."
1890	Ferrier, DavidDavid Ferrier	Neurology	"For his researches on the localisation of cerebral functions."
1891	Rucker, Arthur WilliamArthur William Rucker	Physics	"For his researches on liquid films, and his contributions to our knowledge of terrestrial magnetism."
1891	Lapworth, CharlesCharles Lapworth	Geology	"For his researches among the older rocks of Britain."
1892	Pritchard, CharlesCharles Pritchard	Astronomy	"For his work on photometry and stellar parallax."
1892	Langley, John NewportJohn Newport Langley	Physiology	"For his work on secreting glands, and on the nervous system."
1893	Ward, Harry MarshallHarry Marshall Ward	Botany	"For his researches into the life-history of fungi and schizomycetes."
1893	Schuster, ArthurArthur Schuster	Botany	"For his spectroscopic inquiries, and his researches on disruptive discharge through gases and on terrestrial magnetism."
1894	Thomson, Joseph JohnJoseph John Thomson	Physics	"For his contributions to mathematical and experimental physics especially to electrical theory."
1894	Horsley, VictorVictor Horsley	Physiology	"For his investigations relating to the physiology of the nervous system, and of the thyroid gland, and to their applications to the treatment of disease."
1895	Murray, JohnJohn Murray	Oceanography	"For his services to biological science and oceanography in connection with the "Challenger" reports, and for his original contributions to the same."
1895	Ewing, James AlfredJames Alfred Ewing	Physics	"For his investigations on magnetic induction in iron and other metals.
1896	Geikie, ArchibaldArchibald Geikie	Geology	"For his many original contributions to geology especially those upon the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe."
1896	Boys, Charles VernonCharles Vernon Boys	Physics	"For his invention of Quartz Fibres and investigation of their properties, his improvement of the radio-micrometer and investigations with it, for developments in the art of instantaneous photography, and for his determination of the value of the constant of attraction."
1897	Strachey, RichardRichard Strachey	Geology	"For his researches in geographical, meteorological, and botanical science."
1897	Forsyth, AndrewAndrew Forsyth	Mathematics	"For his contributions to the progress of pure mathematics, and especially for his work in differential equations and the theory of functions."
1898	Kerr, JohnJohn Kerr	Physics	"For his researches on the optical effect of electrical stress and on the reflection of light at the surface of a magnetised body."
1898	Gardiner, WalterWalter Gardiner	Botany	"For his researches on the protoplasmic connection of the cells of vegetable tissues and on the minute histology of plants."
1899	McIntosh, William CarmichaelWilliam Carmichael McIntosh	Marine biology	"For his important monographs on British marine zoology and on the fishing industries."
1899	Fitzgerald, George FrancisGeorge Francis Fitzgerald	Physics	"For his contributions to physical science, especially in the domains of optics and electricity."
1900	Newton, AlfredAlfred Newton	Ornithology	"For his eminent contributions to the science of ornithology and the geographical distribution of animals."
1900	MacMahon, Percy AlexanderPercy Alexander MacMahon	Mathematics	"For the number and range of his contributions to mathematical science"
1901	Ayrton, William EdwardWilliam Edward Ayrton	Electrical engineering	"For his contributions to electrical science."
1901	Blanford, William ThomasWilliam Thomas Blanford	Geology	"For his work in connection with the geographical distribution of animals"
1902	Schafer, Edward AlbertEdward Albert Schafer	Neurology	"For his researches into the functions and minute structure of the Central Nervous System, especially with regard to the motor and sensory functions of the cortex of the brain."
1902	Lamb, HoraceHorace Lamb	Applied mathematics	"For his investigations in mathematical physics."
1903	Gill, DavidDavid Gill	Astronomy	"For his researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope."
1903	Brown, Horace TabbererHorace Tabberer Brown	Chemistry	"For his work on the chemistry of the carbohydrates and on the assimilation of carbonic acid by green plants."
1904	Bruce, DavidDavid Bruce	Microbiology	"For his valuable researches in the pathology of Malta fever, nagana, and sleeping sickness, and especially for his discoveries as regards the exact causes of these diseases."
1904	Burnside, WilliamWilliam Burnside	Mathematics	"For his researches in mathematics, particularly in the theory of groups."
1905	Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington	Neurophysiology	"For his researches on the Central Nervous System especially in relation to reflex action."
1905	Poynting, John HenryJohn Henry Poynting	Physics	" For his researches in physical science, especially in connection with the constant of gravitation and the theories of electrodynamics and radiation."
1906	Greenhill, Alfred GeorgeAlfred George Greenhill	Mathematics	"For his contributions to mathematics, especially the elliptic functions and their applications."
1906	Scott, Dukinfield HenryDukinfield Henry Scott	Botany	"For his investigations and discoveries in connection with the structure and relationship of fossil plants."
1907	Hobson, Ernest WilliamErnest William Hobson	Mathematics	"On the ground of his investigations in mathematics."
1907	Traquair, Ramsay HeatleyRamsay Heatley Traquair	Natural history	"On the ground of his discoveries relating to fossil fishes."
1908	Head, HenryHenry Head	Neurology	"On the ground of his researches on the relations between the visceral & somatic nerves and on the functions of the different nerves."
1908	Milne, JohnJohn Milne	Geology	"On the ground of his work in seismology."
1909	Love, AugustusAugustus Love	Mathematics	"On the ground of his researches in the theory of elasticity and cognate subjects."
1909	Ross, RonaldRonald Ross	Medicine	"On the ground of his researches in connection with malaria."
1910	Bower, Frederick OrpenFrederick Orpen Bower	Botany	"On the ground of his treatise on the origin of a land flora."
1910	Joly, JohnJohn Joly	Geology	"On the ground of researches in physics and geology."
1911	Chrystal, GeorgeGeorge Chrystal	Mathematics	"On the ground of his work in mathematics and physics."
1911	Bayliss, William MaddockWilliam Maddock Bayliss	Physiology	"On the ground of his researches in physiology."
1912	Smith, Grafton ElliotGrafton Elliot Smith	Anatomy	no rationale given
1912	Hicks, William MitchinsonWilliam Mitchinson Hicks	Physics	"On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics."
1913	Starling, Ernest HenryErnest Henry Starling	Physiology	"On the ground of his contributions to the advancement of physiology."
1913	Dixon, Harold BailyHarold Baily Dixon	Chemistry	"On the ground of his eminence in physical chemistry, especially in connexion with explosions in gases."
1914	Brown, Ernest WilliamErnest William Brown	Astronomy	"For investigations in astronomy, chiefly in the lunar theory."
1914	Sollas, William JohnsonWilliam Johnson Sollas	Geology	"For researches in palaeontology."
1915	Larmor, JosephJoseph Larmor	Mathematics	"On the ground of his numerous and important contributions to mathematical and physical science."
1915	Rivers, William Halse RiversWilliam Halse Rivers Rivers	Ethnology	"On the ground of his important contributions to ethnography and ethnology."
1916	Macdonald, Hector MunroHector Munro Macdonald	Mathematics	"For his contributions to mathematical physics."
1916	Haldane, John ScottJohn Scott Haldane	Physiology	"For his distinguished services to chemical physiology, more especially in reference to the chemical changes in respiration."
1917	Woodward, Arthur SmithArthur Smith Woodward	Palaeontology	"On the ground of his researches in vertebrate palaeontology."
1917	Aitken, JohnJohn Aitken	Meteorology	"On the ground of his work on cloudy condensations."
1918	Fowler, AlfredAlfred Fowler	Astronomy	"For his distinguished researches in physical astronomy and spectroscopy."
1918	Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins	Biochemistry	"On the ground of his researches in chemical physiology."
1919	Jeans, James HopwoodJames Hopwood Jeans	Mathematics	"On the ground of his researches in applied mathematics."
1919	Farmer, John BretlandJohn Bretland Farmer	Botany	"On the ground of his notable work on plant and animal cytology."
1920	Hardy, Godfrey HaroldGodfrey Harold Hardy	Mathematics	"On the ground of his researches in pure mathematics."
1920	Bateson, WilliamWilliam Bateson	Genetics	"On the ground of his contributions to biological science, and especially his studies in genetics."
1921	Dyson, Frank WatsonFrank Watson Dyson	Astronomy	"For his researches on the distribution and movement of the stars."
1921	Blackman, FrederickFrederick Blackman	Botany	"For his researches on the gaseous exchange in plants & on the operation of limiting factors."
1922	Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson	Meteorology	"For his researches on condensation nuclei and atmospheric electricity."
1922	Barcroft, JosephJoseph Barcroft	Physiology	"For his researches in physiology and especially for his work in connection with respiration."
1923	Martin, Charles JamesCharles James Martin	Physiology	"For his researches on animal metabolism"
1923	Shaw, NapierNapier Shaw	Meteorology	"For his researches in meteorological science"
1924	Clerk, DugaldDugald Clerk	Engineering	"For his application of scientific principles to engineering problems."
1924	Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale	Pharmacology	"For his researches in pharmacology and physiology."
1925	Seward, Albert CharlesAlbert Charles Seward	Botany	"For his researches on the palaeobotany of Gondwanaland."
1925	Perkin, Jr., William HenryWilliam Henry Perkin, Jr.	Organic chemistry	"For his work on the constitution of the alkaloids carried out during the past few years."
1926	Hill, Archibald VivianArchibald Vivian Hill	Physiology	"For his distinguished work on the physical and chemical aspects of muscular contraction."
1926	Hardy, William BateWilliam Bate Hardy	Biochemistry	"For his pioneer work on colloidal chemistry and the theory of lubrication."
1927	McLennan, John CunninghamJohn Cunningham McLennan	Physics	" For his researches in spectroscopy and atomic physics."
1927	Lewis, ThomasThomas Lewis	Cardiology	"For his researches on the vascular system, following upon his earlier work on the mammalian heart-beat."
1928	Eddington, Arthur StanleyArthur Stanley Eddington	Astrophysics	"For his contributions to astrophysics."
1928	Broom, RobertRobert Broom	Palaeontology	"For his discoveries which have shed new light on the problem of the origin of mammals."
1929	Littlewood, John EdensorJohn Edensor Littlewood	Mathematics	"For his work on mathematical analysis and the theory of prime numbers."
1929	Muir, RobertRobert Muir	Pathology	"For his contributions to the science of immunology."
1930	Marr, John EdwardJohn Edward Marr	Geology	"For his pioneer work in the accurate zoning of the palaeozoic rocks."
1930	Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson	Physics	"For his work on thermionics and spectroscopy."
1931	Glazebrook, RichardRichard Glazebrook	Physics	"For his distinguished work in experimental physics."
1931	Lang, William HenryWilliam Henry Lang	Botany	"For his work on the anatomy and morphology of the fern-like fossils of the Old Red Sandstone."
1932	Mellanby, EdwardEdward Mellanby	Pharmacology	"For his important researches on dietary factors, particularly in connexion with rickets."
1932	Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson	Chemistry	"For his work in many branches of organic chemistry, especially on the structure of plant products and their phytochemical synthesis."
1933	Taylor, Geoffrey IngramGeoffrey Ingram Taylor	Physics	"For his mathematical work in physics, geophysics and aerodynamics."
1933	Laidlaw, Patrick PlayfairPatrick Playfair Laidlaw	Virology	"For his work on diseases due to viruses, including that on the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs."
1934	Adrian, Edgar DouglasEdgar Douglas Adrian	Electrophysiology	"For his work on the physiology of nerve and its application to the problems of sensation."
1934	Chapman, SydneySydney Chapman	Geophysics	"For his researches in the kinetic theory of gases, in terrestrial magnetism and in the phenomena of the upper atmosphere."
1935	Harker, AlfredAlfred Harker	Petrology	"In recognition of his distinguished work and influence as a petrologist."
1935	Darwin, Charles GaltonCharles Galton Darwin	Physics	"For his researches in mathematical physics, especially in the quantum mechanics of the electron and in optics."
1936	Goodrich, Edwin StephenEdwin Stephen Goodrich	Zoology	"For his work on the morphology of the excretory organs of the invertebrate and for his work on the comparative anatomy and embryology of the vertebrata."
1936	Fowler, Ralph HowardRalph Howard Fowler	Physics	"For his work on statistical mechanics and allied departments of modern mathematical physics."
1937	Buller, Arthur Henry ReginaldArthur Henry Reginald Buller	Biology	"In recognition of his researches on the general biology and sexuality of the fungi."
1937	Sidgwick, Nevil VincentNevil Vincent Sidgwick	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work on valency and on molecular structure."
1938	Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston	Physics	"For his discovery of the isotopes of non-radioactive elements."
1938	Fisher, Ronald AylmerRonald Aylmer Fisher	Statistics	"For his important contributions to the theory and practice of statistical methods."
1939	Keilin, DavidDavid Keilin	Entomology	"For his contributions to biochemistry and entomology; in particular for his demonstration of the part played by cytochrome in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms of the living cell; and for his studies of the higher diptera."
1939	Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac	Physics	"For the leading part he had taken in the development of the new quantum mechanics."
1940	Marshall, Francis Hugh AdamFrancis Hugh Adam Marshall	Physiology	"For his contributions to the physiology of animal reproduction."
1940	Blackett, Patrick Maynard StuartPatrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	Physics	"For his studies of cosmic rays and the showers of particles which they produce, for his share in the discovery of the positive electron, for his work on mesons and many other experimental achievements."
1941	Kennaway, ErnestErnest Kennaway	Pathology	"For his discovery of the nature of the carcinogenic substances in coal tar and for his investigations on production of cancer by synthetic substances."
1941	Milne, Edward ArthurEdward Arthur Milne	Astrophysics	"For his researches on the atmospheres of the earth and the sun, on the internal constitution of the stars, and on the theory of relativity."
1942	Topley, William Whiteman CarltonWilliam Whiteman Carlton Topley	Bacteriology	"For his outstanding work on experimental epidemiology and immunology."
1942	Haworth, Walter NormanWalter Norman Haworth	Chemistry	"For his fundamental contributions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides."
1943	Bailey, Edward BattersbyEdward Battersby Bailey	Geology	"For his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of mountain structure and his studies on the tectonics of vulcanism."
1943	Jones, Harold SpencerHarold Spencer Jones	Astronomy	"For his determination of the solar parallax and of other fundamental astronomical constants."
1944	Harington, Charles RobertCharles Robert Harington	Chemistry	"For his work in the analysis and synthesis of thyroxine, and in immunological chemistry."
1944	Brunt, DavidDavid Brunt	Meteorology	"For his fundamental contributions to meteorology."
1945	Salisbury, Edward JamesEdward James Salisbury	Botany	"For his notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally."
1945	Bernal, John DesmondJohn Desmond Bernal	Crystallography	"For his work on the structure of proteins and other substances by X-ray methods and for the solution of many other problems requiring a physical approach."
1946	Darlington, Cyril DeanCyril Dean Darlington	Biology	"For his distinguished researches in cytology and genetics."
1946	Bragg, LawrenceLawrence Bragg	Physics	"For his distinguished researches in the sciences of X-ray structure analysis and X-ray spectroscopy."
1947	Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet	Virology	"For his distinguished work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity; and for his contributions to the study of infectious disease as an ecological phenomenon."
1947	Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood	Chemistry	"For his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions from the simplest gas phase processes to the complexities of cell division."
1948	Gray, JamesJames Gray	Zoology	"For his distinguished researches in cytology, ciliary movement, and particularly his anatomical and experimental studies of animal posture and locomotion."
1948	Jeffreys, HaroldHarold Jeffreys	Geophysics	"For his distinguished work in geophysics and his important contributions to the astronomy of the solar system.
1949	Peters, Rudolph AlbertRudolph Albert Peters	Biochemistry	"For his distinguished biochemical researches, in particular his investigations of (i) the biochemical role of vitamin B1 in tissue metabolism; and (ii) the mechanism of the toxic action of lewisite and other arsenical compounds."
1949	Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson	Physics	"For his distinguished contributions to many branches of atomic physics, and especially for his work in establishing the wave properties of the electron."
1950	Pantin, Carl Frederick AbelCarl Frederick Abel Pantin	Zoology	"For his contributions to the comparative physiology of the Invertebrata, particularly his work on nerve conduction in Crustacea and Actinozoa."
1950	Appleton, EdwardEdward Appleton	Physics	"For his work on the ele [sic] transmission of electromagnetic waves round the earth and for his investigations of the ionic state of the upper atmosphere."
1951	Florey, HowardHoward Florey	Pharmacology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pathology by his studies of the functions of mucin and by his work on penicillin and other antibiotics."
1951	Heilbron, IanIan Heilbron	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, notably in the field of vitamin A and polyene synthesis."
1952	Bartlett, FredericFrederic Bartlett	Experimental psychology	"In recognition of his creation of an experimental school of psychology which has established under his leadership an outstanding position recognized internationally as without superior."
1952	Ingold, Christopher KelkChristopher Kelk Ingold	Chemistry	"In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies of the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; and for his analysis of the structure of benzene."
1953	Fildes, PaulPaul Fildes	Microbiology	"In recognition of his classical researches on growth factors for bacteria and for laying the foundation of work leading to a rational approach to chemotherapy."
1953	Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott	Physics	"In recognition of his eminent work in the field of quantum theory and particularly in the theory of metals."
1954	Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cell energetics."
1954	Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on nuclear and atomic physics."
1955	Wigglesworth, VincentVincent Wigglesworth	Entomology	"In recognition of his distinguished experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology."
1955	Todd, AlexanderAlexander Todd	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work in organic chemistry."
1956	Jones, Owen ThomasOwen Thomas Jones	Geology	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the Palaeozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, his work on sediments, his palaeontological researches and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems."
1956	Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary CrowfootDorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin	Chemistry	"In recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography."
1957	Gregory, Frederick GugenheimFrederick Gugenheim Gregory	Botany	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in plant physiology."
1957	Hodge, William Vallance DouglasWilliam Vallance Douglas Hodge	Mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on algebraic geometry."
1958	Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin	Physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of excitation and conduction in nerve and muscle."
1958	Massey, Harrie Stewart WilsonHarrie Stewart Wilson Massey	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physics, and particularly for his experimental and theoretical studies of collision phenomena in gases."
1959	Medawar, Peter BrianPeter Brian Medawar	Physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of tissue transplantation immunity and acquired tolerance."
1959	Peierls, RudolfRudolf Peierls	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics."
1960	Cameron, RoyRoy Cameron	Pathology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of cellular pathology"
1960	Lovell, BernardBernard Lovell	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy."
1961	Clark, Wilfrid Le GrosWilfrid Le Gros Clark	Physiology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he has combined to provide new knowledge of human evolution."
1961	Powell, Cecil FrankCecil Frank Powell	Physics	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of the photographic emulsion technique in the investigation of cosmic rays and the outstanding results derived therefrom on the elementary particles in cosmic radiation."
1962	Eccles, John CarewJohn Carew Eccles	Neurophysiology	"In recognition of his distinguished investigations of the function of the spinal cord, particularly of the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition."
1962	Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Astrophysics	"In recognition of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics, particularly those related to the stability of convective motions in fluids with and without magnetic fields."
1963	Read, Herbert HaroldHerbert Harold Read	Geology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the processes of rock metamorphism and the origins of granite."
1963	Hill, RobertRobert Hill	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work in biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge of photosynthesis."
1964	Brambell, FrancisFrancis Brambell	Medicine	"In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to foetal circulations."
1964	Lighthill, Michael JamesMichael James Lighthill	Aeroacoustics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases, and the mathematical theory of distributions."
1965	Husband, Henry CharlesHenry Charles Husband	Engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs."
	Kendrew, John CowderyJohn Cowdery Kendrew	Crystallography	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule (myoglobin), particularly the biological aspects of this study."
	Lyttleton, Raymond ArthurRaymond Arthur Lyttleton	Astronomy	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the dynamical stability of galaxies."
1966	Cockerell, ChristopherChristopher Cockerell	Engineering	"In recognition of his pioneering invention, and major contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft."
	Yates, FrankFrank Yates	Statistical biology	"In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to the statistical methods of experimental biology."
	Ratcliffe, John AshworthJohn Ashworth Ratcliffe	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished studies in the ionosphere and on the propagation of radio waves."
1967	Hutchinson, JosephJoseph Hutchinson	Biology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the genetics and evolution of crop-plants with particular reference to cotton."
	Young, John ZacharyJohn Zachary Young	Neurophysiology	"In recognition of his outstanding researches correlating neural structure with function."
	Tilley, Cecil EdgarCecil Edgar Tilley	Petrology	"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions in all branches of retrology."
1968	Roberts, GilbertGilbert Roberts	Engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to civil engineering, and in particular to the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges."
	Morgan, Walter Thomas JamesWalter Thomas James Morgan	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations."
	Atiyah, Michael FrancisMichael Francis Atiyah	Mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to algebraic geometry and to the study of differential equations by the methods of algebraic topology."
1969	Oatley, Charles WilliamCharles William Oatley	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished work in the wartime development of radar and latterly for the design and development of a highly successful scanning electron microscope."
	Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his pioneer work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides of ribonucleic acids."
	Deacon, George Edward RavenGeorge Edward Raven Deacon	Oceanography	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical oceanography and for his leadership as director of the National Institute of Oceanography."
1970	Baker, John FleetwoodJohn Fleetwood Baker	Engineering	"In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on the plastic behaviour and design of framed structures which is now being used throughout the world."
	Rushton, William Albert HughWilliam Albert Hugh Rushton	Physiology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina."
	Dunham, Kingsley CharlesKingsley Charles Dunham	Geology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pure and applied geology, and especially in the field of metallic ore deposits."
1971	Kent, Percy EdwardPercy Edward Kent	Geology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields."
	Perutz, MaxMax Perutz	Biology	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular biology and structure of proteins."
	Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished experimental researches in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy."
1972	Lewis, Wilfrid BennettWilfrid Bennett Lewis	Nuclear physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation."
	Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick	Biology	"In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology."
	Barton, DerekDerek Barton	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories on the conformation of organic molecules and his syntheses of natural products."
1973	Abraham, Edward PenleyEdward Penley Abraham	Biology	"In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics."
	Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter	Biology	"In recognition of his penetrating investigations on the structure of immunoglobulins."
	Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle	Astronomy	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radioastronomy."
1974	Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner	Biology	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology concerning the nature of the genetic code and its expression during development."
	Edwards, GeorgeGeorge Edwards	Engineering	"In recognition of his many contributions to aeronautical engineering, particularly in the realization of supersonic aircraft."
	Hoyle, FredFred Hoyle	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology."
1975	Wallis, BarnesBarnes Wallis	Engineering	"In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he has pursued them."
	Phillips, David ChiltonDavid Chilton Phillips	Biology	"In recognition of his solution of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the techniques of x-ray crystallography."
	Bullard, EdwardEdward Bullard	Geophysics	"In recognition of his distinction as a world leader in geophysics, especially the generation of the earths magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift."
1976	Walsh, AlanAlan Walsh	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to emission and infra-red spectroscopy and his origination of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis."
	Gowans, James LearmonthJames Learmonth Gowans	Medicine	"In recognition of his distinguished research in the field of immunology, especially as regards the recirculation and immunological role of lymphocytes"
	Cornforth, John WarcupJohn Warcup Cornforth	Chemistry	"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unravelling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate."
1977	Adams, John BertramJohn Bertram Adams	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators."
	Huxley, Hugh EsmorHugh Esmor Huxley	Biology	"In recognition of his distinguished research on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of contraction."
	Hirsch, PeterPeter Hirsch	Materials science	"In recognition of his distinguished studies of defects in crystals and especially of his elucidation of the process of work hardening."
1978	Kilburn, TomTom Kilburn	Engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding individual and continuing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the United Kingdom over the last thirty years."
	Gregory, Roderic AlfredRoderic Alfred Gregory	Biology	"In recognition of his distinguished studies of the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure."
	Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with special reference to the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions."
1979	Cosslett, Vernon EllisVernon Ellis Cosslett	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyser, the high voltage and ultrahigh resolution (2.5A) electron microscopes and their applications in many disciplines."
	Kosterlitz, Hans WalterHans Walter Kosterlitz	Biology	"In recognition of his distinguished work on narcotics leading to the discovery in 1975 of the enkephalins."
	Frank, CharlesCharles Frank	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase transformations and polymers, with wide applications in physics, chemistry and geology."
1980	Wild, John PaulJohn Paul Wild	Astronomy	"In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan aircraft instrument landing system and the guidance of its development to a successful conclusion."
	Harris, HenryHenry Harris	Medicine	"In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the study of somatic-cell genetics and differentiation including the genetic control of malignancy."
	Wilkinson, DenysDenys Wilkinson	Physics	"In recognition of his highly original research in nuclear physics and of his outstanding contributions on giant resonances, radiative widths, second-class beta decay and the fundamental symmetries of nuclear interactions and also on instrumentation."
1981	Riley, RalphRalph Riley	Genetics	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods of producing improved varieties."
	Vogt, Marthe LouiseMarthe Louise Vogt	Neuroscience	"In recognition of her important contributions to synaptic biochemistry and pharmacology which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology."
	Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and in particular to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds."
1982	Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential practical applications of immunology."
	Hawthorne, WilliamWilliam Hawthorne	Engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and particularly the internal aerodynamics of turbomachines."
	Dalitz, Richard HenryRichard Henry Dalitz	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to particle physics, particularly in relation to the properties of strange particles."
1983	Bradley, Daniel JosephDaniel Joseph Bradley	Physics	"In recognition of his development of the techniques of generating ultra-short light pulses from lasers, and of picosecond streak cameras."
	Feldberg, Wilhelm SiegmundWilhelm Siegmund Feldberg	Biology	"In recognition of his contributions to elucidating the nature of chemical synaptic transmission in nervous systems and the regulating effects of hormones in peripheral systems."
	Kingman, JohnJohn Kingman	Mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished researches on queuing theory, on regenerative phenomena, and on mathematical genetics."
1984	Cullen, Alexander LambAlexander Lamb Cullen	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae."
	Lyon, MaryMary Lyon	Genetics	"In recognition of her distinguished contributions to the discovery of X-chromosome inactivation as a mechanism of gene dosage compensation."
	Battersby, AlanAlan Battersby	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the elucidation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of complex natural products."
1985	Argyris, JohnJohn Argyris	Engineering	"For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems."
	Gurdon, John BertrandJohn Bertrand Gurdon	Biology	"For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes."
	Penrose, RogerRoger Penrose	Physics	"For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and to other geometric aspects of theoretical physics."
1986	Ash, EricEric Ash	Electrical engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding researches on acoustic microscopy leading to wholly new techniques and substantial improvements in resolution of acoustic microscopes."
	Doll, RichardRichard Doll	Physiology	"In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to evaluate environmental factors in disease, notably that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis."
	Richards, RexRex Richards	Chemistry	"In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and instrumental, to nuclear magnetic resonance."
1987	Born, Gustav Victor RudolfGustav Victor Rudolf Born	Pharmacology	"In recognition of his major contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and of his widely used methods for studying platelet function in haemostasis and thrombosis."
	Denton, Eric JamesEric James Denton	Marine biology	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physiology of marine animals, to marine biology generally, and his leadership of U.K. marine science."
	Graham-Smith, FrancisFrancis Graham-Smith	Astronomy	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio- and optical-astronomy."
1988	Barlow, HaroldHarold Barlow	Engineering	"In recognition of his distinguished research, particularly on microwaves and waveguides, and of his lasting influence as the founder of an unusually productive research school."
	Watkins, WinifredWinifred Watkins	Biochemistry	"In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins."
	Batchelor, GeorgeGeorge Batchelor	Mathematics	"In recognition of his distinguished work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion, and the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions."
1989	Vane, JohnJohn Vane	Pharmacology	"In recognition of his development of techniques to detect and monitor substances in the blood that regulate the circulation, and their application to the treatment of vascular and ischaemic conditions."
	Weatherall, DavidDavid Weatherall	Medicine	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassaemias, and fundamental contributions to the unravelling of their heterogeneity."
	Polanyi, John CharlesJohn Charles Polanyi	Chemistry	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the electromagnetic radiation emitted from chemical charges, leading to the basis of the chemical laser process."
1990	Zienkiewicz, Olgierd CecilOlgierd Cecil Zienkiewicz	Engineering	"In recognition of his pioneering development of the finite element method as a general procedure of solving problems of engineering physics and for demonstrating its success in applications to stress analysis, fluid mechanics, electromagnetics and many other situations."
	McLaren, AnneAnne McLaren	Developmental biology	"In recognition of her distinguished research on mammalian embryology, particularly for providing much of the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and for analysing sex determination in mammals."
	Berry, MichaelMichael Berry	Physics	"In recognition of his deep and innovatory researches in classical and quantum physics, especially the discovery of the "Berry phase"."
1991	Mason, JohnJohn Mason	Physics	"In recognition of his distinguished research on cloud physics and, as Director-General of the Meteorological Office, his broadening and strengthening of research in meteorology in the UK."
	Berridge, MichaelMichael Berridge	Biology	"In recognition of his discovery that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate functions as a second messenger to mobilize calcium."
	McKenzie, DanDan McKenzie	Geophysics	"In recognition of his seminal role in developing a quantitative understanding of a wide range of geophysical and geological processes, including plate tectonics, mantle convection, continental deformation and melt segregation."
1992	Tabor, DavidDavid Tabor	Physics	"for his seminal contributions to the basic study of friction and wear between solids, of considerable relevance to the design of machines."
	Epstein, AnthonyAnthony Epstein	Medicine	"distinguished for the isolation of the Epstein-Barr virus which is closely associated with Burkitts lymphoma."
	Donaldson, SimonSimon Donaldson	Mathematics	"distinguished for his work which has revolutionized our understanding of four-dimensional geometry."
1993	Hill, RodneyRodney Hill	Applied mathematics	"for his outstanding contribution to the theoretical mechanics of solids, and especially the plasticity of solids."
	Barlow, HoraceHorace Barlow	Neuroscience	"for his outstanding and original contributions to electrophysiological, computational and psychophysical study of visual sensation and perception."
	Heine, VolkerVolker Heine	Physics	"In recognition of his contributions to solid state theory, in particular the bonding and structure of solids."
1994	Moncada, SalvadorSalvador Moncada	Pharmacology	"for his contributions to pharmacology and the discovery of basic mechanisms of signal transmission relevant to drug action."
	Mansfield, EricEric Mansfield	Aeronautics	"for his many fundamental and analytical contributions to our knowledge of advanced aeronautical structures, and more recently to the biological sciences."
	Chandrasekhar, SivaramakrishnaSivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar	Physics	"his many new discoveries in the understanding of liquid crystals, for a synthesis of the subject of his seminal book, "The invention of discotic liquid crystals", and for elucidating their remarkable properties."
1995	Metcalf, DonaldDonald Metcalf	Medicine	"In recognition of his discovery of colony stimulating factors which regulate the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic and leukemic cells."
	Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his work on the control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells by his discovery of the identity and function of genes that regulate the key control points in the process of cell proliferation."
	Williams, Robert J PRobert J P Williams	Chemistry	"In recognition of his contributions in clearly presenting the role of inorganic elements in biological systems."
1996	Hinde, RobertRobert Hinde	Zoology	"In recognition of his contributions to the field of animal behaviour and the dominant influence it achieved on the emerging field of ethology."
	Heslop-Harrison, JackJack Heslop-Harrison	Botany	"In recognition of his pioneering work in plant reproductive biology, in particular the areas of taxonomy and ecology, whole plant physiology, development of sub-cellular systems in somatic and reproductive cells, pollen/stigma interactions and acto/myosin transport systems within the pollen tube."
	Wiles, AndrewAndrew Wiles	Mathematics	"In recognition of his achievements in number theory, in particular Fermats Last Theorem and his achievements in algebraic number theory particularly the celebrated main conjecture on cyclotomic fields."
1997	Eglinton, GeoffreyGeoffrey Eglinton	Chemistry	"In recognition of his contribution to our understanding of the way in which chemicals move from the living biosphere to the fossil geosphere, in particular the origin, genesis, maturation and migration of oil which has had great repercussions on the petroleum industry."
	Smith, John MaynardJohn Maynard Smith	Biology	"In recognition of his theoretical contributions to evolutionary biology, combining mathematics and biology to develop a sound understanding in such fields as population dynamics, paleobiology, ethology, behavioural ecology, bacteriology and genetics."
	Perkins, Donald HillDonald Hill Perkins	Physics	"In recognition of his contributions to experimental particle physics, in particular the elucidation of the structure of the nucleon on the basis of observations of neutrino interactions, the quark substructure of the nucleon, and production of the first quantitative evidence for the validity of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)."
1998	Southern, EdwinEdwin Southern	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his development of the method of transferring spatial patterns of DNA fragments from the electrophoretic separation medium to membranes on which the hybridisation could occur known as southern blotting, now a fundamental technique in molecular biology."
	Miledi, RicardoRicardo Miledi	Neuroscience	"In recognition of his many important discoveries in cellular and molecular physiology which have greatly advanced our knowledge of synaptic transmission in the nervous system and of long term effects of trophic interaction between neurones and effector cells."
	Bradley, Donald CharltonDonald Charlton Bradley	Chemistry	"In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular chemistry of metal-alkoxides and metal-amides, their synthesis, structure and bonding, and for his studies of their conversions to metal-oxides and metal-nitrides, processes which now find common place applications in materials science, especially in the fields of microelectronics and chemical vapour deposition."
1999	Davidson, John FrankJohn Frank Davidson	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished work over many years in chemical engineering, including fluid flow, process dynamics, gas absorption and fluidization technology which has been concerned with real problems of industrial significance."
	Wall, Patrick DavidPatrick David Wall	Neuroscience	"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the somatosensory system and, in particular, pain mechanisms, where his insights led to the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, dorsal columns of the spinal cord, and brain stem for the control of pain, methods that are now in widespread use."
	Howie, ArchibaldArchibald Howie	Physics	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development and application of electron microscopy of materials, and to the underlying theories of electron scattering, in particular his extensive contributions to inelastic scattering theory, his systematic high resolution microscope studies of amorphous materials, his introduction of the concept of coherence volume for hollow cone dark field imaging and his pioneering use of a high angle annular dark field detector to image small catalyst particles."
2000	Berners-Lee, TimothyTimothy Berners-Lee	Computer science	"In recognition of his invention and subsequent development of the World Wide Web, designing the universal resource locator (URL), an addressing system to give each Web page a unique location and the two protocols HTTP and HTML."
	Burnstock, GeoffreyGeoffrey Burnstock	Neuroscience	"In recognition of his development of new hypotheses challenging the accepted views on autonomic neurotransmission, leading to new advances in the understanding of purinergic neurotransmission."
	Ingold, Keith UsherwoodKeith Usherwood Ingold	Chemistry	"In recognition of his work in elucidating the mechanism of reactions involving free radicals."
2001	Gardner, RichardRichard Gardner	Biology	"In recognition of his pioneering work on microsurgery of the mouse blastocyst which laid the foundation for major advances in biological knowledge, both in developmental biology and in understanding of gene function."
	Horn, GabrielGabriel Horn	Biology	"In recognition of his work on the neurobiological mechanisms of behavioural imprinting, embracing molecular, cellular, anatomical, electrophysiological and ethological approaches to learning and memory."
	Edwards, SamSam Edwards	Physics	"In recognition of his enormous influence across a wide spectrum of physical sciences, particularly theoretical condensed matter physics."
2002	Peto, RichardRichard Peto	Mathematics	"In recognition of his outstanding work on the epidemiology of smoking and chronic disease."
	Cory, SuzanneSuzanne Cory	Genetics	"In recognition of her distinguished work on the molecular basis of cancer. She pioneered the use of transgenic mice to elucidate the role of various oncogenes in lymphoid malignancies."
	Freeman, RayRay Freeman	Chemistry	"In recognition of his seminal contributions to the development and understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods"
2003	Skehel, JohnJohn Skehel	Virology	"In recognition of his pioneering research into virology. His studies and discoveries in the mechanisms by which influenza virus binds to the host cell, and in virus-cell membrane fusion have had a fundamental impact on the field."
	Johnson, KennethKenneth Johnson	Engineering	"In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of contact mechanics. His work his characterised by elegant experiments, skilful analyses and insightful explanations of observed phenomena."
	Shackleton, NicholasNicholas Shackleton	Geology	"in recognition of his seminal contributions to the fields of paleoceanography and geochemistry."
2004	Black, JamesJames Black	Chemistry	"In recognition of his work in both academia and industry, pioneering a new era of rational drug discovery."
	Jeffreys, AlecAlec Jeffreys	Genetics	"In recognition of his outstanding discoveries and inventions which have had major impacts on large areas of genetics. "
	Lewis, JackJack Lewis	Chemistry	"In recognition of his distinguished career in the field of inorganic chemistry over the last 50 years, mainly in the area of the transition elements."
2005	Pepper, MichaelMichael Pepper	Physics	"In recognition of his work which has had the highest level of influence in condensed matter physics and has resulted in the creation of the modern field of semiconductor nanostructures."
	Pawson, AnthonyAnthony Pawson	Biology	"In recognition of his discoveries which have revealed the principles underlying cell signalling, and have been pivotal in understanding pathological states such as cancer."
	Fisher, MichaelMichael Fisher	Physics	"In recognition of his seminal contributions to wetting transitions, dislocation melting and criticality of ionic solutions and many other topics in Statistical Mechanics."
2006	Baulcombe, DavidDavid Baulcombe	Botany	"In recognition of his profoundly significant recent discoveries for not only plants but for all of biology and for medicine."
	Hunt, TimTim Hunt	Biochemistry	"discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin which is a component of cyclin dependent kinases, demonstrating his ability to grasp the significance of the result outside his immediate sphere of interest."
	Pendry, JohnJohn Pendry	Physics	"In recognition of his seminal contributions in surface sciences, disordered systems, photonics and most recently in metamaterials and the concept of the perfect lens."
2007	Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl	Medicine	"making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence."
	Hilsum, CyrilCyril Hilsum	Physics	"In recognition of his many outstanding contributions and for continuing to use his prodigious talents on behalf of industry, government and academe to this day."
	Feast, JamesJames Feast	Chemistry	"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far reaching implications, particularly for the field of functional polymeric materials."
2008	Hedges, RobertRobert Hedges	Archaeology	"In recognition of his contribution to the rapid development of accelerator mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating techniques."
	Cohen, PhilipPhilip Cohen	Biochemistry	"In recognition of his major contribution to our understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in cell regulation."
	Fersht, AlanAlan Fersht	Chemistry	"In recognition of his seminal work in protein engineering, which he has developed into a fundamental tool in enzyme analysis and the problem of protein folding."
2009	Rao, ChintamaniChintamani Rao	Chemistry	"For his highly innovative and diverse contributions to solid-state and materials chemistry."
	Laskey, RonaldRonald Laskey	Molecular Biology	"For his pivotal contributions to our understanding of the control of DNA replication and nuclear protein transport, which has led to a novel screening method for cancer diagnosis."
	Dobson, ChrisChris Dobson	Biophysics	"For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein folding and mis-folding, and the implications for disease."
2010	Knight, PeterPeter Knight	Quantum optics	"for his pioneering research and international leadership in the field of quantum optics and quantum information science."
	Surani, AzimAzim Surani	Biology	"for his pivotal contributions to the understanding of early mammalian development."
	Hill, AllenAllen Hill	Chemistry	"for his pioneering work on protein electrochemistry, which revolutionised the diagnostic testing of glucose and many other bioelectrochemical assays."
2011	Ley, StevenSteven Ley	Chemistry	"for his pioneering research in organic chemistry and outstanding contributions to the methodology of synthesis."
	Holliday, RobinRobin Holliday	Molecular Biology	"for his highly influential discoveries of the 'Holliday junction' structure in meiotic recombination and the function of DNA methylation at CG base pairs."
	Winter, GregoryGregory Winter	Biophysics	"for his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur."
2012	Kibble, TomTom Kibble	Physics	"for his theories of symmetry-breaking in quantum field theory, with diverse applications to elementary particle masses, vortex formation in Helium 3 and structure formation in the early universe."
	Murray, KennethKenneth Murray	Biology	"for his crucial contributions to the development of genetic engineering, to biotechnology and to the study of hepatitis viruses."
	Holmes, AndrewAndrew Holmes	Chemistry	"for his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis at the interface between materials and biology and pioneering the field of organic electronic materials."
2013	Baxter, RodneyRodney Baxter	Physics	"for his remarkable exact solutions of fundamental models in statistical mechanics."
	Bodmer, WalterWalter Bodmer	Genetics	"for seminal contributions to population genetics, gene mapping and understanding of familial genetic disease."
	Wells, PeterPeter Wells	Medical Physics	"for pioneering the application of the physical and engineering sciences to the development of ultrasonics as a diagnostic and surgical tool which has revolutionised clinical practice."

References

↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "The Royal Society - Royal medals". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
↑ "Royal Medals". Royal Society. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

External links

Royal Society: Medals and Awards

v t e Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society

Awards	Armourers and Brasiers’ Company Prize GlaxoSmithKline Prize Kohn Award Michael Faraday Prize Mullard Award Royal Society Pfizer Award Royal Society Prizes for Science Books

Prize Lectures (domestic)	Bakerian Lecture Crick Lecture Croonian Lecture Ferrier Lecture Kavli Medal Leeuwenhoek Lecture Milner Award Paterson Lecture Rosalind Franklin Award Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture

Lectures (international)	Rutherford Memorial Lecture

Medals	Buchanan Medal Copley Medal Darwin Medal Davy Medal Gabor Medal Hughes Medal Leverhulme Medal Royal Medal Rumford Medal Sylvester Medal

Historical awards, lectures and medals	Bernal Lecture Esso Energy Award Florey Lecture Medawar Lecture Philips Lecture Pilgrim Trust Lecture Tercentenary Lectures Wilkins Lecture Microsoft Award UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture Blackett Memorial Lecture Humphry Davy Lecture Claude Bernard Lecture

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