Romanization of Telugu
There are several systems for romanization of the Telugu script.
Systems
Vowels
| Independent | With క (k) | ISO | IPA | Independent | With క (k) | ISO | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| అ | క (ka) | a | /a/ | ఆ | కా (kā) | ā | /aː/ |
| ఇ | కి (ki) | i | /i/ | ఈ | కీ (kī) | ī | /iː/ |
| ఉ | కు (ku) | u | /u/ | ఊ | కూ (kū) | ū | /uː/ |
| ఋ | కృ (kr̥) | r̥ | /ru/ | ౠ | కౄ (kr̥̄) | r̥̄ | /ruː/ |
| ఌ | ḷ | ౡ | ḹ | ||||
| ఎ | కె (ke) | e | /e/ | ఏ | కే (kē) | ē | /eː/ |
| ఐ | కై (kai) | ai | /aj/ | ఒ | కొ (ko) | o | /o/ |
| ఓ | కో (kō) | ō | /oː/ | ఔ | కౌ (kau) | au | /aw/ |
| అం | కం (kṁ) | ṁ | అః | కః (kḥ) | ḥ |
Consonants
| ISO | k | kh | g | gh | ṅ | c | ch | j | jh | ñ | ṭ | ṭh | ḍ | ḍh | ṇ | t | th | d | dh | n | ṉ | p | ph | b | bh | m | y | r | ṟ | l | ḷ | ḻ | v | ś | ṣ | s | h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | k | kʰ | ɡ | ɡʱ | ŋ | tʃ | tʃʰ | dʒ | dʒʱ | ɲ | ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɖʱ | ɳ | t̪ | t̪ʰ | d̪ | d̪ʱ | n | n̪ | p | pʰ | b | bʱ | m | j | ɾ | r | l | ɭ | ɻ | ʋ | ʃ | ʂ | s | ɦ |
| Telugu | క | ఖ | గ | ఘ | ఙ | చ | ఛ | జ | ఝ | ఞ | ట | ఠ | డ | ఢ | ణ | త | థ | ద | ధ | న | ప | ఫ | బ | భ | మ | య | ర | ఱ | ల | ళ | వ | శ | ష | స | హ |
Irregular Consonants
| Telugu | ISO 15919 | ITRANS |
|---|---|---|
| క్ష | kṣa | kSa/kSha/xa |
| జ్ఞ | jña | GYa/j~na |
Note: శ్ర(śra) and త్ర(tra) occurs by combining consonants in Telugu script unlike other Indic scripts.
Other diacritics
- Virama (్) mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. Example: క + ్ → క్ or [ka] + [∅] → [k].
- Anusvara (ం) nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. Example: క + ం → కం or [ka] + [m] → [kaṁ]
- Candrabindu (ఁ) also nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. Example: క + ఁ → కఁ or [ka] + [n] → [kan̆].
- Visarga (ః) adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to. Example: క + ః → కః or [ka] + [h] → [kaḥ]
UN romanization for geographical names
The United Nations romanization systems for geographical names (approved 1972, I1/11; amended in 1977 IH/12) was based on a report prepared by D. N. Sharma.[1]
The UN romanization uses macrons for long vowels ā ī ū, a dot under ṛ for vocalic r, and caron on ĕ and ŏ.
- ka kā ki kī ku kū kṛ kĕ ke kai kŏ ko kau
ISO
There are differences between the UN system and the ISO transliteration standard ISO 15919: 2001[2]
ITRANS
ITRANS also has transliteration for Telugu.[3]
RTS
Used in Vemuri Rao's English-Telugu Dictionary (2002) Rice University's Reverse Transliteration System (RTS) (created by Ramarao Kanneganti and Ananda Kishore) can be used for the transliteration of Telugu into Roman script as an alternative to phonetic alphabet.[4]
- RTS represents short vowels by the lower case English character and long vowels by the corresponding upper case character. a A etc.
- Unaspirated consonant-vowel pairs are represented by a lower case letter followed by a suitable vowel.
The result is a phonetic representation only suitable for dictionaries. Examples:
- vaiDUryaM
- gOmEdhikaM
References
- ↑ Technical reference manual for the national standardization of ... 2007- Page 39 " ... Nations recommended system was approved in 1972 (I1/ 11) and amended in 1977 (IH/12), based on a report prepared by D. N. Sharma. ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products. Telugu uses an alphasyllabic script whereby each character represents a syllable rather than one sound. Vowels and diphthongs are marked in two ways: as independent characters (used syllable-initially) and in an abbreviated form, ......
- ↑ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf
- ↑ Information Systems for Indian Languages: International ... - Page 131 Chandan Singh, Gurpreet Singh Lehal, Jyotsna Sengupta - 2011 "Table 1. The Indian Language Transliteration (ITRANS) symbols of phonemes common to three languages Hindi, Tamil and Telugu Manual labeling of the recorded data has been carried out."
- ↑ English-Telugu Dictionary - Page li isbn 8120616367 Vemuri Rao - 2002 "Transliteration of Telugu using RTS This dictionary uses RTS (Rice University's Reverse Transliteration System) for the transliteration of Telugu using Roman script. The RTS is defined below. (1) Represent short vowels by the lower case ..."