Romanian leu
| Romanian leu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leu românesc (Romanian) | |||||
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| ISO 4217 code | RON | ||||
| Central bank |
National Bank of Romania (since 1867) Red Army (1944) INFINEX (1941-1944) General Romanian Bank (1917-1919) | ||||
| Website | www.bnr.ro | ||||
| User(s) |
 Romaniaformer: .svg.png){kind=small} Socialist Republic of Romania (1965-1989).svg.png){kind=small} Romanian People's Republic (1947-1965) Transnistria Governorate (1941-1944) Kingdom of Romania (1881-1947) Principality of Romania (1867-1881) | ||||
| Inflation | 1.55% (December 2013 / December 2012)[1] | ||||
| Source | National Bank of Romania [2] | ||||
| Subunit | |||||
| 1/100 | ban | ||||
| Plural | lei | ||||
| ban | bani | ||||
| Coins | |||||
| Freq. used | 10, 50 bani | ||||
| Rarely used | 1 ban, 5 bani | ||||
| Banknotes | |||||
| Freq. used | 1 leu, 5, 10, 50, 100 lei | ||||
| Rarely used | 200, 500 lei | ||||
| Printer |
National Bank of Romania (since 1867) Goznak (1944) Reichsbank (1917-1919) | ||||
| Website | www.bnr.ro | ||||
| Mint |
Monetăria Statului (since 1867) Saint Petersburg Mint, temporary located in Krasnokamsk (1944) Reichsdruckerei (1917-1919) | ||||
| Website | www.monetariastatului.ro | ||||
The leu (Romanian pronunciation: [lew], plural lei [lej]; ISO 4217 code RON; numeric code 946) is the currency of Romania. It is subdivided into 100 bani (singular: ban).
Etymology
The name of the currency means "lion".
History
First leu: 1867-1947
In 1860, the Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza attempted to create a national românul ("The Romanian") and the romanat, however the project was not approved by the Ottoman Empire.[3]
On April 22, 1867, a bimetallic currency was adopted, with the leu equal to 5 grams of 83.5% silver or 0.29032 grams of gold. The first leu coin was minted in Romania in 1870.[3]
Before 1878 the silver Russian ruble was valued so highly as to drive the native coins out of circulation. Consequently, in 1889, Romania unilaterally joined the Latin Monetary Union and adopted a gold standard. Silver coins were legal tender only up to 50 lei. All taxes and customs dues were to be paid in gold and, owing to the small quantities issued from the Romanian mint, foreign gold coins were current, especially French 20-franc pieces (equal at par to 20 lei), Turkish gold lire (22.70), old Russian imperials (20.60) and British sovereigns (25.22).
Romania left the gold standard in 1914 and the leu's value fell. The exchange rate was pegged at 167.20 lei = 1 U.S. Dollar on February 7, 1929, 135.95 lei on November 5, 1936, 204.29 lei on May 18, 1940, and 187.48 Lei on March 31, 1941. During Romania's World War II alliance with Nazi Germany, the leu was pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 49.50 lei = 1 Reichsmark, falling to 59.5 lei in April 1941. During Soviet occupation, the exchange rate was 1 ruble = 100 lei. After the war, the value of the currency fell dramatically[4] and the National Bank issued the banknote with the highest denomination in its history: the 5 million lei banknote.[3]
Second leu: 1947-1952
A revaluation ("Great stabilization", marea stabilizare) took place on August 15, 1947, replacing the old leu at a rate of 20,000 old lei = 1 new leu.[3] No advance warning was given and there were limits for the sums to be converted in the new currency: 5 million lei vechi for farmers and 3 million lei for workers and pensioners.[3]
Out of the 48.5 billion old lei in circulation, only around half were changed to new lei.[3] The most affected was the economic elite, who were later affected by the nationalization of 1948. At the time of its introduction, 150 new lei equalled 1 U.S. dollar.
Third leu (ROL): 1952-2005
On January 28, 1952, another new leu was introduced. Unlike the previous revaluation, different rates were employed for different kinds of exchange (cash, bank deposits, debts etc.) and different amounts. These rates ranged from 20 to 400 "old lei" for 1 "new" leu. Again, no advance warning was given before the reform took place.
Between 1970 and 1989, the official exchange rate was fixed by the government through law. This exchange rate was used by the government to calculate the value of foreign trade, but foreign currency was not available to be bought and sold by private individuals. Owning or attempting to buy or sell foreign currency was a criminal offence, punishable with a prison sentence that could go up to 10 years (depending on the amount of foreign currency found under one's possession). International trade was therefore considered as part of another economic circuit than domestic trade, and given greater priority.
This inflexibility and the existence of surplus money due to constant economic decline in the 1980s, mixed with the need for more foreign currency and the refusal of the Ceauşescu regime to accept inflation as a phenomenon in order to attain convertibility, led to one of the greatest supply side crises in Romanian history, culminating with the introduction of partial food rationing in 1980 and full rationing for all basic foods in 1986/87. This was a major factor in growing discontent with Ceauşescu, and contributed in part to the fall of the Communist regime in 1989.
  | |
| 1,000,000 old lei 168 mm × 78 mm |
100 new lei 147 mm × 82 mm |
| Same design, different sizes. The images are to scale. | |
In the 1990s, after the downfall of communism, inflation ran high due to reform failures, the legalization of owning foreign currency in 1990, reaching rates as high as 300% per year in 1993. By September 2003, one euro was exchanged for more than 40,000 lei, this being its peak value. Following a number of successful monetary policies in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the situation became gradually more stable, with one digit inflation in 2005.
The Romanian leu was briefly the world's least valued currency unit,[5] from January (when the Turkish lira dropped six zeros) to July 2005. However, the 1,000,000 lei bill was not the highest Romanian denomination ever. This distinction belongs to the 5 million lei bill from 1947.
Fourth leu (RON): 2005-Present
On 1 July 2005, the leu was revalued at the rate of 10,000 "old" lei (ROL) for one "new" leu (RON), thus psychologically bringing the purchasing power of the leu back in line with those of other major Western currencies. The term chosen for the action was "denominare", similar to the English "denomination", to signify not a conversion, but rather a total reinvention.
The first day brought difficulties adjusting to the new paper currencies and closed ATMs (that needed reprogramming) and forcing a new calculation habit that slowed down shops and annoyed some sales staff and older shoppers. The old ROL currency banknotes remained in circulation until December 31, 2006 (coins remained in circulation only until December 31, 2005), but all accounts have been converted starting July 1, 2005. There is no conversion time limit between the currencies. Retailers had to display prices in both old and new currency from March 1, 2005 until June 30, 2006. The appreciation of the leu during 2005 was about 20% against a basket of major currencies.
As of 2006, the revaluation is a potential source of confusion, especially to visitors, since both old and new currency values are commonly quoted. When written, the very large amounts in old currency are usually obvious, but in speaking inhabitants might refer to an amount of 5 new lei as simply "fifty" in reference to its value of 50,000 old lei.
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| Symbols of Romania |
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Speculation about joining the Euro zone
The euro's expected adoption date was firstly announced to be on January 1st, 2015, but this is now highly uncertain and most probably will suffer a postponement as far as 2020.[6]
Coins
The Romanian leu has a history of instability. As such, the size and composition of coins has changed frequently.
First Leu:
In 1867, copper 1, 2, 5 and 10 bani were issued, with gold 20 lei (known as poli after the French Napoleons) first minted the next year. These were followed, between 1870 and 1873, by silver 50 bani, 1 and 2 lei. Silver 5 lei were added in 1880. Uniquely, the 1867 issue used the spelling 1 banu rather than 1 ban.
In 1900, cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 bani coins were introduced, with holed versions following in 1905. The production of coins ceased in 1914, recommencing in 1921 with aluminium 25 and 50 bani pieces. Cupro-nickel 1 and 2 lei coins were introduced in 1924, followed by nickel brass 5, 10 and 20 lei in 1930. In 1932, silver 100 lei coins were issued. However, inflation meant that in 1935, smaller silver 250 lei coins were introduced with nickel 100 lei coins being issued in 1936, followed by nickel 50 lei in 1937.
In 1941 and 1942, zinc 2, 5 and 20 lei coins were introduced, together with silver 200 and 500 lei. Nickel-clad-steel 100 lei followed in 1943, with brass 200 and 500 lei issued in 1945. In 1946 and 1947, postwar inflation brought the exchange rate even lower, and a new coinage was issued consisting of aluminium 500 lei, brass 2000 and 10,000 lei, and silver 25,000 and 100,000 lei.
Second Leu:
Coins were issued in 1947 after the revaluation in denominations of 50 bani, 1, 2, and 5 leu and depicted the portrait of King Michael I. This coin series was brief, preceded by the king's abdication less than a year later and replaced following the establishment of communist administration in Romania in 1948, reissued gradually in denominations of 1, 2, 5, and 20 leu in nickel-brass alloy, and later in aluminum. All second leu coins were discontinued and devalued in late 1952.
Third Leu:
Coins were first issued in 1952 in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, and 50 bani, with aluminum bronze for 1, 3, and 5 bani, and cupro-nickel for 10, 25, and 50 bani. These coins featured the state arms and name "Republica Populara Romana."
In 1960, a new series of coins was issued in denominations of 5, 15, & 25 bani and 1, & 3 lei struck in nickel plated steel. Starting in 1966, the name on all coins was changed to "Republica Socialista Romania" following the ascent of Nicolae Ceaușescu, though all pre-1966 coins of these denominations remained valid. In 1975, the composition of 5 & 15 bani coins was changed to aluminum, and the 25 bani followed suit in 1982. In 1978, an aluminum 5 Lei coin was introduced. These denominations remained in use until 1991, particularly the 5 lei following the lifting of state mandated exchange rates and price controls.
In 1991, a new coin series with post-communist iconography and new valuations was released in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lei. These coins gradually lost value with inflation, and a new series was introduced in 1998 with aluminum-magnesium alloy 100 & 500 lei and 1,000 & 5,000 lei in 2000.
Fourth Leu:
The coins that are currently in circulation are One ban, made of copper plated steel,five bani, copper plated steel,ten bani nickel plated steel, and fifty bani, aluminum-bronze. These were first introduced into circulation in 2005 with the fourth revaluation and are all currently valid.
The 1 ban coin is rare and not in demand by either banks or retailers. Supermarkets however continue to advertise prices such as 9.99.[7] In practice, retailers almost always round to the nearest 5 bani and recently to 10 bani.
Banknotes
First leu
In 1877, state notes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 lei. In 1880, these notes were overstamped for issue by the Banca Națională a României, which began to issue regular notes in 1881 in denominations of 20, 100 and 1000 lei.
In 1914, 5 lei notes were reintroduced, followed by 1 and 2 lei notes in 1915 and 500 lei in 1916. The Ministry of Finance issued very small sized notes for 10, 25 and 50 bani in 1917. 500 lei notes were introduced in 1940, followed by 10,000 and 100,000 lei in 1945 and 1 and 5 million lei in 1947. In 1945, the Ministry of Finance issued 20 and 100 lei notes to replace those of the National Bank's.
Second leu
In 1947, the Ministry of Finance introduced 20 lei notes and Banca Naţională a României introduced 100, 500 and 1000 lei notes. In 1949, Banca Republicii Populare Române took over the production of paper money and issued 500 and 1000 lei notes.
Third leu
In 1952, the Ministry of Finance introduced notes for 1, 3 and 5 lei, and the Banca Republicii Populare Române introduced 10, 25 and 100 lei notes. In 1966, the Banca Națională a Republicii Socialiste România took over the production of all paper money, issuing notes for 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 lei.
In 1991, 500 and 1000 lei notes were introduced, followed by 200 and 5000 lei notes in 1992, 10,000 lei in 1994, 50,000 lei in 1996, 100,000 lei in 1998, 500,000 lei in 2000 and 1 million lei in 2003. There was also a 2,000 lei note introduced in 1999; it celebrated the total solar eclipse that occurred on August 11, 1999. The final issues of the 2000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 and 1 million lei were polymer notes.
Notes in circulation at the revaluation were:
- 10,000 lei (became 1 leu)
- 50,000 lei (became 5 lei)
- 100,000 lei (became 10 lei)
- 500,000 lei (became 50 lei)
- 1,000,000 lei (became 100 lei)
Fourth leu
In 2005, polymer notes were introduced for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 lei. 200 lei notes were added in 2006. The designs of the 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 lei notes are based on those of the earlier 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 and 1 million lei notes which they replaced. The 10 lei bill was redesigned in November 2008 (most of the graphic elements are identical, some of the safety elements were changed, making its safety features similar to the lower values of 1 leu and 5 lei notes).
| Current RON exchange rates | |
|---|---|
| From Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| From Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| From XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| From OANDA.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| From fxtop.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
See also
References
- ↑ Banca Națională a României: Current value of inflation (December 2013 / December 2012)
- ↑ http://www.bnr.ro/Home.aspx
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Gruia, Cătălin (2012). "Metamorfozele leului". National Geographic Romania (July 2012). Retrieved April 21, 2013.
- ↑ Romania New Leu, Global Financial Data.com
- ↑ "Romaniam Leu is the least valued currency unit in the world". Banii Nostri. 2005-04-18. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ↑ "Fifth Report on the Practical Preparations for the Future Enlargement of the Euro Area" (PDF). Commission of the European Communities. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ↑ (Romanian) Gândul, Moneda de 1 ban n-are căutare, November 3, 2005. Accessed on January 1, 2007
External links
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Wikinews has related news: Romania redenominates its currency |
- Current legal tender pictures
- www.denominare.ro — The official site of the leu revaluation
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