Roger Schank

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Roger Schank (born 1946) is an American artificial intelligence theorist, cognitive psychologist, learning scientist, educational reformer, and entrepreneur.

Academic career

Schank was awarded a PhD in linguistics at the University of Texas in Austin and went on to work in faculty positions at Stanford University and then at Yale University.[1] In 1974, he became professor of computer science and psychology at Yale University. In 1981, Schank became Chairman of Computer Science at Yale and director of the Yale Artificial Intelligence Project.[2]

In 1989, Schank was granted $30 million in a 10-year commitment to his research and development by Andersen Consulting, allowing him to leave Yale and set up the Institute for the Learning Sciences (ILS) at Northwestern University in Chicago, bringing along 25 of his Yale colleagues.[3] ILS attracted other corporate sponsors such as IBM and Ameritech, as well as government sponsors such as the U.S. Army, EPA and the National Guard,[4] leading to a focus on the development of educational software,[1] especially in employee training.[4] ILS was later absorbed by the School of Education as a separate department.

When Carnegie Mellon University's Silicon Valley campus was established in 2002, Schank came to serve as Chief Educational Officer at the institution.[5]

Entrepreneurship

While at Yale in 1979, Schank was among the first to "capitalize on the expected boom"[6] in AI when he founded Cognitive Systems, a company that went public in 1986. Schank resigned as chairman and chief executive in 1988 for personal reasons, but stayed as a board member and advisor.[7]

In 1994, Schank founded Cognitive Arts Corporation[5] (originally named Learning Sciences Corporation) to market the software developed at ILS, and led the company until it was sold in 2003.

In 2001 he founded Socratic Arts, a company that sells e-learning software to both businesses and schools.[4]

In 2008, Schank built a story-centered curriculum (SCC) at the Business Engineering School of La Salle International Graduate School of Ramon Llull University, Barcelona to teach MBA students to launch their own businesses or to go to work.[4]

In 2012, Schank founded XTOL (Experiential Training Online) which "designs learn-by-doing experiential short courses for use by universities, corporations and professional organizations, as well as Master's programs in partnership with degree-granting universities around the world."[8]


Educational reform

Schank believes that the educational system is fundamentally broken and that software will need to replace conventional teaching methods.[9] To serve this purpose, he founded Engines for Education in 2001, a not-for-profit organization which designs and implements curricula for primary and secondary schools[4] and hosts the Virtual International Science and Technology Academy (VISTA).

Influence

Schank was a leading pioneer of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology in the 1970s and 1980s. His innovations in these fields were conceptual dependency theory and case-based reasoning, both of which challenged cognitivist views of memory and reasoning.

In 1969 Schank introduced the conceptual dependency theory for natural language understanding.[10] This model, partly based on the work of Sydney Lamb, was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University, such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner.

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is based on Schank's model of dynamic memory[11] and was the basis for the earliest CBR systems: Janet Kolodner's CYRUS[12] and Michael Lebowitz's IPP.[13]

Other schools of CBR and closely allied fields emerged in the 1980s, investigating such topics as CBR in legal reasoning, memory-based reasoning (a way of reasoning from examples on massively parallel machines), and combinations of CBR with other reasoning methods. In the 1990s, interest in CBR grew, as evidenced by the establishment of an International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning in 1995, as well as European, German, British, Italian, and other CBR workshops.

CBR technology has produced a number of successful deployed systems, the earliest being Lockheed's CLAVIER,[14] a system for laying out composite parts to be baked in an industrial convection oven. CBR has been used extensively in help desk applications such as the Compaq SMART system[15] and has found a major application area in the health sciences.[16]

Works

  • Schank, Roger. Teaching Minds: How Cognitive Science Can Save Our Schools. NewYork: Teachers College Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-8077-5266-1 (paper) and ISBN 978-0-8077-5267-8 (hardcover).
  • Schank, Roger, Dimitris Lyras and Elliot Soloway. The Future of Decision Making: How Revolutionary Software Can Improve the Ability to Decide. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-10365-8
  • Schank, Roger. Lessons in Learning, e-Learning, and Training: Perspectives and Guidance for the Enlightened Trainer. Pfeiffer, 2005. ISBN 0-7879-7666-0.
  • Schank, Roger. Scrooge Meets Dick and Jane. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001, ISBN 0-8058-3877-5.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory Revisited, 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63398-2.
  • Schank, Roger and Gary Saul Morson. Tell Me A Story: Narrative and Intelligence. Northwestern University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8101-1313-9.
  • Schank, Roger and Chip Cleary, Engines for Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.
  • Schank, Roger. The Connoisseur's Guide to the Mind: How we think, How we learn, and what it means to be intelligent. Summit Books, 1991.
  • Schank, Roger. Tell Me A Story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Scribners, 1990.
  • Schank, Roger and Peter Childers. The Creative Attitude: Learning to Ask and Answer the Right Questions. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1988, ISBN 0-02-607170-3.
  • Schank, Roger. The Cognitive Computer: On Language, Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Reading: Addison Wesley, 1984.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • Schank, Roger and Robert P. Abelson. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures, Erlbaum, 1977. ISBN 0-470-99033-3.
  • Schank, Roger. Conceptualizations underlying natural language. In Computer Models of Thought and Language, R. Schank & K. Colby, eds. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1973.

See also

  • Robert P. Abelson

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Freedman, David H. (August 1994). "The Schank Tank". Wired 2 (8). Retrieved 2011-10-04. 
  2. ↑ "Biography: Part 1 of 2". RogerSchank.com. 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
  3. ↑ Rifkin, Glenn (September 6, 1992). "Andersen Consulting's Culture of 'Clones'". New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2011. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Biography: Part 2 of 2". RogerSchank.com. 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Roger Schank". Socratic Arts. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
  6. ↑ Pollack, Andrew (September 13, 1982). "Selling artificial intelligence". New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 
  7. ↑ "Top officer resigns at Cognitive Systems". New York Times. June 24, 1988. Retrieved September 27, 2011. 
  8. ↑ "XTOL (Experiential Training Online)". XTOL Corp. Retrieved January 21,2014. 
  9. ↑ Green, Joshua (August 11, 2000). "No Lectures or Teachers, Just Software". New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2011. 
  10. ↑ Schank, Roger (1969). "A conceptual dependency parser for natural language". Proceedings of the 1969 conference on Computational linguistics. Sång-Säby, Sweden. pp. 1–3. 
  11. ↑ Roger Schank, Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
  12. ↑ Janet Kolodner, "Reconstructive Memory: A Computer Model," Cognitive Science 7 (1983): 4.
  13. ↑ Michael Lebowitz, "Memory-Based Parsing," Artificial Intelligence 21 (1983), 363-404.
  14. ↑ Bill Mark, "Case-Based Reasoning for Autoclave Management," Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop (1989).
  15. ↑ Trung Nguyen, Mary Czerwinski, and Dan Lee, "COMPAQ QuickSource: Providing the Consumer with the Power of Artificial Intelligence," in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Washington, DC: AAAI Press, 1993), 142-151.
  16. ↑ Begum, S.; M. U Ahmed, P. Funk, Ning Xiong, M. Folke (July 2011). "Case-Based Reasoning Systems in the Health Sciences: A Survey of Recent Trends and Developments". IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews 41 (4): 421–434. doi:10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2071862. ISSN 1094-6977. 

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