Robert Christopher Tytler
Robert Christopher Tytler (25 September 1818 – 10 September 1872) was a British soldier, naturalist and photographer. His second wife Harriet is well known for her work in documenting the monuments of Delhi and for her notes at the time of the 1857 revolt in India. A species of bird, Tytler's Leaf-warbler, is named after him.
Biography
His father, Robert Tytler, served in the Bengal medical service and his mother was the daughter of a German count. Tytler joined the Bengal army in 1834 while still in England, and arrived in India in 1835 to join his father's regiment, the 34th Native Bengal Infantry.[1] He saw many years of active military service in India, and in 1842 he was promoted to baggage-master. He later became interpreter and quartermaster and took part in the actions of the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42).[2]
In the first Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46), Tytler was put in charge of the campaign funds, and subsequently moved all over northern India with his regiment.[2]
In May 1857, at the beginning of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Tytler was present when the sepoys of his own unit mutinied against their British officers at Delhi, where he later played a conspicuous part in the ensuing siege. He and his wife were among the important photographers present in the aftermath of Indian Mutiny of 1857, which included Felice Beato and Charles Shepard, during the time he took the notable last image of last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar II. [3] He was eventually promoted to Colonel and appointed officiating Superintendent of the Convict Settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands from April 1862 to February 1864.[2]
His first wife, Isabella, died aged 21 in 1847. In the following year on Tytler married Harriet Christina Earle (3 October 1828 – 24 November 1907), daughter of an officer in the 3rd Bengal Native Infantry. She had an interest in photography, which she learnt from Dr John Murray and Felice Beato. Shortly after the 1857 rebellion, Harriet had a son who was named Stanley Delhiforce. Today Tytler and his wife are remembered mostly for their photographic work. Together they produced about 300 photographs, some of which formed large panoramas.[4]
Harriet wrote several memoirs when she was between 75 and 77 years old (1903-6). These include "An Englishwoman in India; the memoirs of Harriet Tytler 1828-1858" first published in Chambers Journal in 1931 and a more detailed version published in 1986 by Oxford University Press.
Tytler was also a keen amateur naturalist, and expert in particular on birds (many of his notes were communicated to Allan Octavian Hume) but also collected amphibians and reptiles. In one communication to Hume he wrote to claim priority on the discovery of the Rufous-rumped Grassbird:[5]
I shot these birds at Dacca in 1852, and sent a description and a drawing of them to Mr. Blyth. They were named after my esteemed friend Jules Verreaux, of Paris. They are not uncommon at Dacca in grass-jungle. I think the bird Dr. Jerdon gives in his Birds of India as Graminicola bengalensis, No. 542, p. 177, vol. ii., is meant for this species. The genus Graminicola, under which he places this bird, appears to be a genus of Dr. Jerdon's own, for it is not in Gray's 'Genera and Subgenera of Birds in the British Museum,' printed in 1855. If it is the same bird as Dr. Jerdon's, then my name, which I communicated in 1851-52 not only to Mr. Blyth but also to Prince Bonaparte and M. Jules Verreaux, and which was published in my Fauna of Dacca, has, it seems to me, the priority.
Species named for him include Tytler's Mabuya, Mabuya tytleri, a skink, Rana tytleri and Hylarana tytleri, both frogs, Tytler's Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus tytleri and an Asian subspecies of the Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica tytleri. Mount Harriet in the Andamans is named after his wife.
Writings
- Tytler,RC (1863) in E. Blyth, Report of the Curator, Zoology Department. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 32:88.
- Tytler,RC (1865) Description of a new species of Spizaetus. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1865:112.
- Tytler,RC (1865) Observations on a few species of geckos alive in the possession of the author. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 33 [1864]:535-548.
- Tytler,RC (1868) Notes on the birds observed during a march from Simla to Mussoorie. Ibis, 2(4):190-203.
- Tytler,RC (1854) Miscellaneous notes on the fauna of Dacca, including remarks made on the line of march from Barrackpore to that station. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2(14):168–177
References
- ↑ Captain in 38th Regiment Bengal Light Infantry according to his note in The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Fauna of Barrackpore. 1854. Vol. 77 pp. 365-376
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 George Weber, Pioneer Biographies of the British Period to 1947 Appendix A Full text
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography, by John Hannavy. Published by CRC Press, 2008. ISBN 0-415-97235-3. Page 964.
- ↑ Mary Warner Marien, Robert Christopher Tytler (1818-1872) Photography: A Cultural History Full text at Google Books
- ↑ Hume, AO (889) The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1. p. 20
External links
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| Preceded by John Colpoys Haughton |
Superintendent of Port Blair 1862–1864 |
Succeeded by Barnett Ford |
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