Richard Ofshe

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Richard Jay Ofshe
Born February 27, 1941
United States
Nationality American
Fields sociology, social psychology
Institutions University of California, Berkeley
Alma mater Queens College of the City University of New York
Stanford University
Doctoral students Richard Leo
Known for social psychology, pseudo-memory

Richard Jay Ofshe is an American sociologist and Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of the advisory board of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation advocacy organization[1] and is known for his expert testimony relating to coercion in small groups, confessions, and interrogations.

False memories

Ofshe lists his areas of interest to be coercive social control, social psychology, influence in police interrogation, and influence leading to pseudo-memory in psychotherapy.[2]

Ofshe has been characterized as a "world-renowned expert on influence interrogation".[3] He believes that coerced confessional testimony is extremely unreliable and stated in a Time Magazine article that "Recovered memory therapy will come to be recognized as the quackery of the 20th century."[4] In a more recent Time Magazine article in 2005, Ofshe is quoted as saying that false testimony does not just occur through coercio, but may also occur in instances of "exhaustion or mental impairment." However, he also stated that it is only recently that juries have been allowed to hear expert testimony about these kinds of theories.[5]

John E. Reid, developer of an interrogation method called the Reid technique that Ofshe and others have argued can lead to false confessions, is a primary critic of Ofshe. Reid wrote an article for the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy in which he provides examples of cases in which Ofshe's expert witness testimony was either rejected, or had what he portrayed as less-than positive outcomes, at trial.[6]

Education

Ofshe studied at Queens College of the City University of New York for his BA in psychology and MA in sociology and at Stanford University for a PhD, sociology, sub-specializing in social psychology.

Early career

Ofshe joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley at the level of assistant professor in the Department of Sociology in 1967. He was promoted to associate professor in 1971 and professor in 1982.[7] At the University of California, he taught several courses, including a course entitled "Interpersonal Behavior in Small Groups". Ofshe was granted the title of Professor Emeritus in 2003.[citation needed]

Honors

Ofshe has received several honors and recognition for his research and writings:[8][9][10]

  • John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 1973-1974[11]
  • Recipient of Roy Dorcus Award for the Best Paper on Clinical Hypnosis of 1994. Awarded by the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis for "Recovered Memory Therapy and Robust Repression: Influence and Pseudomemories."[12]
  • For work on a series of articles that Ofshe contributed to on the Synanon movement, the newspaper, The Point Reyes Light, received the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1979.[13]

Professional memberships

Expert testimony

In 2002, Ofshe appeared on the Larry King Live show, discussing the reliability of confessions. In 2005, the Associated Press characterized Ofshe as a "cult expert", when commenting on the murder trial of Marcus Wesson.[14] Ofshe’s testimony in court was found to lack credibility and he was accused by a court of attempting to blatantly coach a defendant and convince him that he was coerced psychologically.[15]

Tyrone Noling (2006)

Prosecutors in the case of Tyrone Noling, a man on waiting on death row for the murder of an elderly couple in Atwater Township, Ohio, relied heavily on confession testimony. In 2006, Ofshe asserted that this kind of testimony is not reliable and may not be true: "All the confessions should be classified as "untrustworthy" and "unreliable," said social psychologist Richard Ofshe, an expert in false confessions hired by Noling's appellate lawyers to review the men's statements." Ofshe stated that this was because "coercive interrogation tactics" were utilized by law enforcement to elicit these confessions.[16]

"The Norfolk Four" (2005)

In 1997, a young Navy wife, Michelle Moore-Bosko, was found murdered. Police were convinced that she was murdered and raped by eight men. Five men later confessed, but forensic DNA evidence was only found tying one to the crimes. The four other men who confessed all recanted their testimony but were convicted anyway. Three of the four are currently serving life sentences. Lawyers from the Innocence Project agreed to take the case. The lawyers hired Ofshe as an expert witness in false testimony, and he stated: "Four innocent servicemen are languishing in prison for no reason, other than expediency". In 2009, the men were granted conditional pardons by the Virginia governor but are still seeking to have their convictions overturned.[17]

Marty Tankleff (2005)

In 2005, Ofshe appeared on CBS's 48 Hours, commenting on the Marty Tankleff case. He was helping to work on Tankleff's appeals process. The detectives had obtained a confession statement from Tankleff but did not videotape it. Ofshe argued that it was a false confession and that if there had been a videotape the court would have been able to witness the actual police interrogation methods used. "Ofshe believes that after being badgered for hours, Marty began to question his own memory -- and the police gave him a way out."[18]

Robert Burns Springsteen IV (2001)

In 2001, Ofshe testified in the case of alleged murderer Robert Burns Springsteen IV. Ofshe stated that there was the possibility of police coercion in the confession. Judge Lynch stated that this was a judement for the jury to make.[19]

Paul Ingram (1996)

Ofshe was recruited by the investigators of the Paul Ingram case involving accusations of satanic ritual abuse. Ofshe concluded that Ingram was extremely suggestible and produced detailed pseudomemories after intense questioning and prayer in which he attempted to visualize himself performing the acts he was accused of.[20] Ofshe published a journal article about the phenomenon,[21] though his conclusions and methods were criticized.[22] Ofshe also testified at Ingram's 1996 pardon hearing.

West Memphis 3 (1993)

Ofshe gave testimony in the case of the West Memphis 3, three boys tried and convicted for the murders of three children in the Robin Hood Hills area of West Memphis, Arkansas, United States during 1993. Damien Echols, the alleged ringleader, was sentenced to death. Jessie Misskelley and Jason Baldwin were sentenced to life in prison. The case has received considerable attention. Many critics charge that the arrests and convictions were a miscarriage of justice inspired by a misguided moral panic and that the defendants were wrongfully convicted during a period of intense media scrutiny and so-called "satanic panic" of the 1980s and '90s.

During Jessie's trial, Ofshe testified that the recording was a "classic example" of police coercion.[23]

DIMPAC task force

After the American Psychological Association's board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology (BSERP) rejected a report presented by the APA taskforce on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, stating that it lacked the scientific rigor and an evenhanded critical approach for and the imprimatur of the APA,[24] Margaret Singer and Ofshe sued the APA in 1992 for "defamation, frauds, aiding and abetting and conspiracy". The case was dismissed by the court in 1994 on the basis that the claims of defamation, frauds, aiding and abetting and conspiracy constituted a dispute over the application of the First Amendment to a public debate over academic and professional matters; that the parties may be described as the opposing camps in a longstanding debate over certain theories in the field of psychology, and that the plaintiffs could not establish deceit with reference to representations made to other parties in the lawsuit.[25]

In a further ruling, James R. Lamden ordered Ofshe and Singer to pay $80,000 in attorneys' fees under California's SLAPP suit law, which penalizes those who harass others for exercising their First Amendment rights. At that time, Singer and Ofshe declared their intention to sue Michael Flomenhaft, the lawyer that represented them in the case, for malpractice.[26]

Bibliography

Books

  • Utility and Choice in Social Interaction with co-author Lynne Ofshe
  • Intepersonal Behavior in Small Groups
  • The Light on Synanon - With co-authors David and Kathy Mitchell
  • Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, And Sexual Hysteria, with co-author Ethan Watters
  • Therapy's Delusions: The Myth of the Unconscious and the Exploitation of Today's Walking Worried, with co-author Ethan Watters

Articles

  • “The Social Psychology of Police Interrogation: The Theory and Classification of True and False Confessions.” Studies in Law, Politics and Society, 16, pp. 189–251. Richard Ofshe and Richard Leo. 1997.
  • “The Decision to Confess Falsely: Rational Choice and Irrational Action.” Denver University Law Review. "Symposium: An Interdisciplinary Examination of Coercion, Exploitation and the Law. 74, 4, pp. 979-1122. Richard Ofshe and Richard Leo. 1997.
  • “Defending the Innocent.” The Champion. December. Richard Ofshe. 2007
  • "Thought Reform Programs and the Production of Psychiatric Casualties", Psychiatric Annals, 20:4, April 1990, Margaret Thaler Singer, Ph.D., and Richard Ofshe, Ph.D.
  • Attacks on Peripheral versus Central Elements of Self and the Impact of Thought Reforming Techniques, The Cultic Studies Journal, Vol 3, N°1, 1986, Richard Ofshe, Ph.D. and Margaret T. Singer, Ph.D.
  • "Coercive Persuasion and Attitude Change", Encyclopedia of Sociology Volume 1, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, By Richard J. Ofshe, Ph.D.
  • "The Consequences of False Confessions: Deprivations of Liberty and Miscarriages of Justice in the Age of Psychological Interrogation", Journal article by Richard A. Leo, Richard J. Ofshe; Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 88, 1998
  • The Process of Status Evolution, M. Hamit Fisek, Richard Ofshe, Sociometry, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 327–346
  • The Impact of Behavioral Style and Status Characteristics on Social Influence: A Test of Two Competing Theories, Margaret T. Lee, Richard Ofshe, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 73–82

References

  1. ↑ False Memory Syndrome Foundation official website, advisory board listing
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Personal home page at Berkeley University
  3. ↑ Public Defender Awards, Florida Public Defender Association, Craig Stewart Barnard Award
  4. ↑ Lies of the Mind: Repressed-memory therapy is harming patients, devastating families and intensifying a backlash against mental-health practitioners, Time Magazine, 29 November 1993, LEON JAROFF
  5. ↑ True Confessions?, Time Magazine, December 12, 2005.
    A 2002 study from Northwestern University showed that 59% of all miscarriages of justice in homicide investigations in Illinois--where a year later Governor George Ryan commuted all death sentences--involved false confessions. But despite such evidence, few confessions are ever thrown out. According to Richard J. Ofshe, a social psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and an expert in false confessions, only recently have juries been allowed to hear testimony about the phenomenon, which can occur as a result of coercion, exhaustion or mental impairment. The juries in the Norfolk trials were not among those. Many experts say the solution is to require police to videotape all interrogations and confessions of suspects in capital cases, as is the law in Minnesota, Illinois, Alaska and Maine.
  6. ↑ Cassell, P. (1999). "The Guilty and the "Innocent": an Examination of Alleged Cases of Wrongful Conviction from False Confessions". Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 22. doi:10.2139/ssrn.161470. "." 
  7. ↑ Department of Sociology, University of California Berkeley
  8. ↑ Curriculum Vitae
  9. ↑ Frank Fuster case, Ofshe testimony, affidavit, credentials, honors
    I hereby certify that the statements I have made herein are true and accurate to the best of my knowledge, information and belief. I am aware that if I have made any statement, knowing or believing it to be false, I am subject to the penalties of perjury.
  10. ↑ State of Florida vs. David Onstott, Circuit Court of Thirteenth Judicial District, CV attached as official part of court record.
  11. ↑ John Simon Guggenheim, Memorial Foundation Of Fellows Page.
    Richard J. Ofshe, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley: 1973.
  12. ↑ Berkeley Gazette, Roy Dorcus Award, Richard Ofshe.
  13. ↑ (pdf) 7 (5). The American Sociologist - Footnotes. 1979-05-01. p. 12 http://www.asanet.org/footnotes/1979/ASA.05.1979.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-22.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ Barbassa, J (2005-01-25). "Jury selection to begin in multiple murder and sexual abuse case". Associated Press. 
  15. ↑ [Case No.: CRC99-18956CFANO Division: M - Nathan Brinkle - SPN: 01659274; Defendant. Order Denying Defendant's Motion to Suppress #3, Motion to Suppress #4, and Amended Motion to Suppress #4 (Heard February 14, 2002, April 18, 2002, and May 10, 2002) http://www.reid.com/educational_info/criticnbrinkley.html]
  16. ↑ Simakis, A. "Death row doubts Lies put man on death row, men say | 2006-08-13". 
  17. ↑ Three Men to Seek Clemency in '97 Rape and Slaying in Norfolk, November 10, 2005, The Washington Post, Tom Jackman.
    "Four innocent servicemen are languishing in prison for no reason, other than expediency," said Richard J. Ofshe, a California sociologist and expert in false confessions. "If they were being held by a foreign government, we would send in the Army to get them out."
  18. ↑ Will New Evidence Give Marty Tankleff A Second Chance?, March 11, 2005, CBS, 48 Hours.
  19. ↑ Grounds for Appeal?, The Austin Chronicle, JUNE 15, 2001, BY JORDAN SMITH
    Judge Lynch also severely limited the testimony of defense expert witness Dr. Richard Ofshe, a social psychologist who specializes in police interrogation techniques and how they can create false confessions when used "improperly." Lynch said the judgment of whether Springsteen's confession was coerced was the jury's to make. However, Ofshe said he sought only to offer information that would help the jurors make their evaluation.
  20. ↑ Wright, L (1994). Remembering Satan: A case of recovered memory and the shattering of an American family. Knopf. pp. 134–146. ISBN 0-679-43155-1. 
  21. ↑ Ofshe RJ (July 1992). "Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: false confession due to dissociative state; mis-identified multiple personality and the Satanic cult hypothesis". Int J Clin Exp Hypn 40 (3): 125–56. doi:10.1080/00207149208409653. PMID 1399152. 
  22. ↑ Olio, K; Cornell W (1998). "The Facade of Scientific Documentation: A Case Study of Richard Ofshe's Analysis of the Paul Ingram Case". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 4 (4): 1182–1197. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.4.4.1182. 
  23. ↑ Steel, Fiona. "The West Memphis 3." Court TV. 17 March 2006 Crime Library, Notorious Murders.
  24. ↑ APA Brief in the Molko Case, from CESNUR website, [APA later withdrew the organization from the brief], 1987
    [t]he methodology of Drs. Singer and Benson has been repudiated by the scientific community, that the hypotheses advanced by Singer were little more than uninformed speculation, based on skewed data and that "[t]he coercive persuasion theory ... is not a meaningful scientific concept.
  25. ↑ Case No. 730012-8, Margaret Singer, et al., Plaintiff v. American Psychological Association, et al., Defendants
    "This case, which involves claims of defamation, frauds, aiding and abetting and conspiracy, clearly constitutes a dispute over the application of the First Amendment to a public debate over matters both academic and professional. The disputant may fairly be described as the opposing camps in a longstanding debate over certain theories in the field of psychology. The speech of which the plaintiff's complain, which occurred in the context of prior litigation and allegedly involved the "fraudulent" addition of the names of certain defendants to documents filed in said prior litigation, would clearly have been protected as comment on a public issue whether or not the statements were made in the contest of legal briefs. The court need not consider whether the privilege of Civil Code 47 (b) extends to an alleged interloper in a legal proceeding. Plaintiffs have not presented sufficient evidence to establish any reasonable probability of success on any cause of action. In particular Plaintiffs cannot establish deceit with reference to representations made to other parties in the underlying lawsuit. Thus Defendants' Special Motions to Strike each of the causes at action asserted against them, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure 425.16 is granted."
  26. ↑ Allen. Charlotte, Brainwashed! Scholars of Cults Accuse Each Other of Bad Faith, December 1998. Available online

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