Rhinella
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| Rhinella | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Subgenus: | Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 |
| Type species | |
| Bufo (Oxyrhynchus) proboscideus Spix, 1824 | |
| Species | |
|
71 species; see table. | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Chaunus Wagler, 1828 | |
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo (treated by some as a distinct genus) containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America.
Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne may also be considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]
Some authors continue to include Rhinella as a subgroup with the genus Bufo.[2]
Etymology
- Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[3]
- Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)[6] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).[3]
Species
Note: Species below are shown as species of Rhinella, but are treated as species of Bufo by many authors.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) | |
| Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) | Cordoba Toad |
| Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) | |
| Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) | Cerro Mali Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) | |
| Rhinella alatus (Thominot, 1884) | |
| Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) | |
| Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) | Cochabamba Toad |
| Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) | Mendoza Pass Toad |
| Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | Common Toad; Argentine Toad |
| Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) | Rio Chili Toad |
| Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) | Arunco; Concepcion Toad |
| Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) | Vallenar Toad; Atacama Toad |
| Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's Toad |
| Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) | |
| Rhinella castaneoticus (Caldwell, 1991) | Para Toad |
| Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) | Horned Toad |
| Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) | |
| Rhinella chrysophorus (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) | Rio Viejo Toad |
| Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) | |
| Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | Striped Toad |
| Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) | Bom Jardim Toad |
| Rhinella diptychus (Cope, 1862) | Cope's Toad |
| Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Dorbigny's Toad |
| Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) | Bella Vista Toad |
| Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) | Valle Santiago Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) | Carabaya Toad |
| Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) | Gallardo's Toad |
| Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) | Rio Grande Toad |
| Rhinella granulosus (Spix, 1824) | Common Lesser Toad |
| Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) | |
| Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) | |
| Rhinella ictericus (Spix, 1824) | Yellow Cururu Toad |
| Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) | Inca Toad |
| Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) | Rio Perene Toad |
| Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) | |
| Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) | El Chape Toad |
| Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) | Peru Coast Toad |
| Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) | Murri Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) | Santa Rita Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007 | |
| Rhinella margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) | South American Common Toad |
| Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Cane Toad |
| Rhinella multiverrucosus (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005) | |
| Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) | Laguna Toad |
| Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) | Colombian Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella ocellatus (Günther, 1858) | Ocellated Toad |
| Rhinella ornatus Spix, 1824 | |
| Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) | Gray Toad |
| Rhinella pombali (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) | |
| Rhinella proboscideus (Boulenger, 1882) | Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella pygmaeus (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) | Rio Parahyba Toad |
| Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) | Incachaca Toad |
| Rhinella roqueanus (Melin, 1941) | |
| Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) | Mesopotamia Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) | |
| Rhinella rubropunctatus (Guichenot, 1848) | Rusty Toad |
| Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) | |
| Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) | Salta Toad |
| Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) | Cururu Toad; Schneider's Toad |
| Rhinella scitulus (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) | |
| Rhinella sclerocephalus (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) | |
| Rhinella spinulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) | Warty Toad; Huanuco Toad |
| Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) | |
| Rhinella sternosignatus (Günther, 1858) | Falcon Toad |
| Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) | |
| Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Antioquia Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Trueb's Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) | Alto Maranon Toad |
| Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) | Veragua Toad |
| Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) | |
References
- ↑ Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
- ↑ Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
- ↑ d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French) 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
- ↑ χαῦνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ↑ "rhamphoid". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
External links
- Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Rhinella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
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