Rhacophorus vampyrus

Rhacophorus vampyrus is a medium-sized species of flying frog native to Vietnam.^[1][2] It is found in montane evergreen forests at 1470–2004 m.^[1] It is also known as the vampire tree frog^[1] or the vampire flying frog^[3][4][5] because of the presence of a pair of fang-like hooks in mouth of the tadpoles.^[5]; and also as Ếch cây ma cà rồng in Vietnamese.^[1] The frog is adapted to arboreal living with webbings of feet that allow it to glide between trees. The first specimen was discovered in 2008 by Jodi Rowley of the Australian Museum at Sydney, Australia, and her student Le Thi Thuy Duong from Ho Chi Minh City University of Science. After collecting more specimens in 2009 and 2010, her team described the new species in the journal Zootaxa in 2010.^[6][7]

Description

R. vampyrus can grow to 4.5 cm.^[4] The back is pale copper-brown with fainter, dark-brown mottling. The chest and belly are white with a very small amount of black mottling at the edge of the chest. The upper surfaces of the arms and legs are copper brown with diffuse dark-brown barring. The upper surfaces of the hands and feet are copper brown which fades to pinkish-cream or grey at the fingers and toes. The lower surfaces of the hands and feet are pale grey. The upper surface of webbing of the hands and feet is dark grey to black in colour. The lower surfaces are grey. R. vampyrus has pale yellow/gold irises with a small rim of blue.^[1]

Distribution

R. vampyrus is so far known only in Vietnam. Specimens have only been found inside Bidoup Núi Bà National Park, although scientists believe the frogs are likely to be found at least on the Langbian Plateau, specifically in Chư Yang Sin National Park and Phước Bình National Park.^[1]

Life cycle

R. vampyrus is a phytotelm breeder and lays its eggs in small during the rainy season in water-filled tree holes, generally 0.3-1.2 m above the ground. The eggs are laid in foam nests on the wall of the tree hole. Tadpoles develop from the non-pigmented eggs. The tadpoles are long and dark-brown in colour. Their tails are about three times as long as their bodies. The species shows an unusual tadpole mouthpart morphology unknown in other anurans, namely presence of a specific serrated horny arch on the upper jaw, and a pair of fang-like horny teeth on the lower jaw. The two keratinised hooks project forward, and are supported laterally by two similar sized fleshy papillae on the margin of the reduced lower labium.^[1] The species is named after these unusual "fangs".^[5] These unique mouthparts indicate that the tadpoles are strictly feeding on eggs (oophagous) and the extra unfertilised eggs (specifically for food) are deposited by the mother frog in the water hole. This is an example of advanced parental care.^[8][9]

References

External links

• Profile at Amphibia Web
• Profile at Carnovira
• Taxonomy at Uniprot
• Dr Jodi Rowley discussing about discovery of Rhacophorus vampyrus on YouTube

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