Renaissance Center
| Renaissance Center | |
|---|---|
 GM Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront | |
| General information | |
| Type |
Hotel Commercial offices Retail |
| Architectural style | Modern |
| Location |
100 Renaissance Center Detroit, Michigan 48243-1312 United States |
| Coordinates | 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°WCoordinates: 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W |
| Construction started | 1973 |
| Completed |
1977 1981 (towers 500–600) |
| Renovated | 2004 |
| Owner | General Motors |
| Management | CBRE Group |
| Height | |
| Antenna spire | 750 ft (230 m) |
| Roof | 727 ft (222 m) |
| Top floor | 696 ft (212 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Diameter | 188 ft (57 m) (central tower) |
| Floor count |
73 floors x 1 39 floors x 4 21 floors x 2 |
| Floor area | 5,552,000 sq ft (515,800 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | John Portman & Associates |
| Structural engineer | Morris E. Harrison & Associates |
| Main contractor | Tishman Construction |
| Renovating team | |
| Architect |
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Gensler, SmithGroup, Ghafari Associates |
| Main contractor | Turner Construction |
| References | |
| [1][2][3][4][5][6] | |
| Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Hotel chain | Marriott International |
| General information | |
| Location | United States |
| Address |
400 Renaissance Center Drive Detroit, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W |
| Opening | 1977 |
| Management | Marriott |
| Height | 727 ft (222 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 73 |
| Floor area | Meeting space: 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) |
| Other information | |
| Number of rooms | 1,246 |
| Number of suites | 52 |
| Number of restaurants |
Coach Insignia Forty-two Degrees North Volt |
| Parking | Valet and regular |
| Website | |
| www.marriott.com/dtwdt | |
| [3][7][8] | |
The Renaissance Center (also known as the GM Renaissance Center and nicknamed the RenCen) is a group of seven interconnected skyscrapers in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. Located on the International Riverfront, the Renaissance Center complex is owned by General Motors as its world headquarters. The central tower, the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, is the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere, and features the largest rooftop restaurant, Coach Insignia.[9] It has been the tallest building in Michigan since it was erected in 1977.
John Portman was the principal architect for the original design. The first phase constructed a five tower rosette rising from a common base. Four 39-story office towers surround the 73-story hotel rising from a square-shaped podium which includes a shopping center, restaurants, brokerage firms, banks, a four-screen movie theater and private clubs.[10][11] The first phase officially opened in March 1977. Portman's design renewed attention to city architecture,[11] constructing the world's tallest hotel at the time.[9] Two additional 21-story office towers (known as Tower 500 and Tower 600) opened in 1981. This type of complex has been termed a city within a city.
In 2004, General Motors completed a US$500 million renovation of the Class-A center as its world headquarters, which it had purchased in 1996.[12] The renovation included the addition of the five-story Wintergarden atrium, which provides access to the International Riverfront.[13] Architects for the renovation included Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Gensler, SmithGroup, and Ghafari Associates. Work continued in and around the complex until 2005. Renaissance Center totals 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) making it one of the world's largest commercial complexes.[5][14]
History
Conceived by Henry Ford II and financed primarily by the Ford Motor Company, the Renaissance Center became the world's largest private development with an anticipated 1971 cost of $500 million.[15] The project was intended to revitalize the economy of Detroit.[15][16] In its first year of operation it generated over $1 billion in economic growth for the downtown.[10]
In 1970, Ford Motor Company Chairman Henry Ford II teamed up with other business leaders to form Detroit Renaissance, a private non-profit development organization, which he headed in order to stimulate building activity in the city. The group announced the first phase of construction in 1971. In addition, Detroit Renaissance contributed to a variety of other projects within the downtown area in the ensuing decades. Henry Ford II sold the concept of the RenCen to the City and community leaders. Detroit Mayor Roman Gribbs touted the project as a complete rebuilding from bridge to bridge, referring to the area between the Ambassador Bridge that connects Detroit to Windsor, Ontario and the MacArthur Bridge, which connects the city with Belle Isle Park.[15]
The city within a city arose. The first tower of the Renaissance Center opened on July 1, 1976. Principal architect John Portman was also the architect for the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel and the Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia; the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California; and the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, California. For phase I, the facade of the first five towers was covered with 2,000,000 square feet (186,000 m2) of glass, and used about 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of concrete.[15] This did not include the additional glass used for the atriums.[10]
Phase I of the Renaissance Center cost $337 million to construct, employing 7,000 workers.[15] In 1977, the central hotel tower of the Renaissance Center opened as the Western International Detroit Plaza Hotel[15] to become the world's tallest all-hotel skyscraper[9] surpassing its architectural twin, the Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta. In 1986, what is today known as the Swissôtel The Stamford in Singapore surpassed it. Since 1986, the Renaissance Center's central tower has held the distinction as the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[9][17]
On April 15, 1977, Henry Ford II and Detroit mayor Coleman Young unveiled a plaque commemorating the private investors whose funds made the project possible and, later that evening, 650 business and society leaders attended a benefit celebrating the Renaissance Center's formal dedication. The money raised from the $300-per-couple tickets went to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. When it opened, the cylindrical central tower was originally the flagship of Westin Hotels. The top three floors of the hotel hosted an upscale restaurant, The Summit, that rotated to allow a 360 degree view.[10] The shopping center in the podium originally housed boutiques, but now contains a greater complement of restaurants in the retail mix.[15]
In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention and presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and former President Gerald Ford both stayed at the Renaissance Center while in attendance.[18][19]
Metro Detroit expanded upon the city within a city concept with the nearby 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2) Southfield Town Center office complex with its five inter-connected golden skyscrapers constructed from 1975 to 1989. In the ensuing years, the Renaissance Center would face competition from the growing suburban office market.[10]
In 1987, the elevated Detroit People Mover transit line, after many years of construction, began operation with a stop at the Renaissance Center. At first, the Ford Motor Company had occupied many offices in the building. In 1996, General Motors purchased the complex and moved its world headquarters to the Renaissance Center downtown from what is now the historic Cadillac Place state office complex in the New Center district, northwest of downtown.[20] Before the acquisition, Sibley's Shoes had its headquarters in the center.
Architects' initial design for the Renaissance Center focused on creating secure interior spaces, while its design later expanded and improved to connect with the exterior spaces and waterfront through a reconfigured interior, open glass entryways, and a Wintergarden.[11][21] By 2004, GM completed an extensive $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center.[12] This included a $100 million makeover for the hotel. Among GM's first actions was to remove the concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue. The renovation includes a lighted glass walkway which encircles the interior mezzanine for ease of navigation, while the addition of the Wintergarden provides riverfront access and a view of Canada. A covered skyway over Jefferson Avenue connects to the Millender Center, Courtyard by Marriott - Downtown Detroit, and Coleman A. Young Municipal Center.[12]
The Renaissance Center is owned by General Motors. The hotel in the central tower is now managed by the Marriott hotel chain and is called the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center. The 1,298-room hotel is one of the largest operated by Marriott. The rooftop restaurant (which no longer rotates) received a $10 million renovation and is operated by The Epicurean Groups's Coach Insignia. It serves Coach wines, a product of the Fisher family whose legacy includes Fisher Body, a name which is part of GM history.[22]
The Renaissance Center's renovation provides for the prospect of continued development and restorations throughout the city. Architectural critics have touted the city's architecture as among America's finest.[11][23]
In July 2010, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan announced plans to lease 435,245 square feet (40,435.6 m2) of Tower 500 and Tower 600 and relocate 3,000 of its employees from its building in Southfield, Michigan.
Location
The Renaissance Center's modernist architecture balances the city's panoramic waterfront skyline, a frequent feature in photography taken from the Canadian city of Windsor, Ontario.[16] From the top of the Renaissance Center's Coach Insignia restaurant, patrons peer down upon the neogothic spires of One Detroit Center and city's Financial District skyscrapers and stadiums. The view from the top extends for 30 miles (48 km) in all directions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located just across Jefferson Avenue. A pedestrian walkway over Jefferson Avenue connects the complex to the Millender Center and leads beyond to the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center. Hart Plaza, Cobo Center (home to the North American International Auto Show) and Joe Louis Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings, are several blocks to the west. Comerica Park and Ford Field, venues for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions, respectively, are approximately one-mile north. The US portal of the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel emerges adjacent to the western boundary of the Renaissance Center. Renaissance Center is a station on the Detroit People Mover.[16]
In popular culture
A scene between Donald Sutherland and Belinda Bauer was filmed along the riverfront outside the Renaissance Center in The Rosary Murders (1987).
The Renaissance Center is featured in the film Action Jackson (1988).
In the 1989 film Collision Course starring Jay Leno and Pat Morita, the Renaissance Center is featured when Morita's character and Leno meet for the first time; Morita is considered a suspect and chased through the hotel.
In the 1990 film Presumed Innocent, there is a skyline view of Detroit very early in the film which clearly shows the Renaissance Center, filmed from across the river in Windsor, Ontario.
Also in 1990, the film 'Bird on a Wire' starring Mel Gibson and Goldie Hawn shot a chase scene inside the Renaissance Center.
The Renaissance Center is featured in the film Grosse Pointe Blank (1997).
In the 1998 Steven Soderbergh film adaptation of Out of Sight, the main characters meet in the revolving restaurant atop the Renaissance Center. The scene was filmed on location.[24]
The 1999 film Detroit Rock City has views of the Renaissance Center, which would have been newly constructed during the film's 1978 setting.
In 2004, the Renaissance Center was featured in the Kevin Costner and Joan Allen film The Upside of Anger. Costner's character plays a DJ for WRIF 101 FM, a real Detroit FM rock station, whose studio (in the film) is housed in the Renaissance Center.
For the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, which was played at Comerica Park in Detroit, the center tower of the Renaissance Center was wrapped with an image of a large baseball smashing into the tower, with "4,612 FT" written below it to indicate the distance from home plate at Comerica Park (see photograph above). For Super Bowl XL, held at Detroit's Ford Field on February 5, 2006, a large National Football League logo was wrapped around the main tower just beneath the GM logo. The Renaissance Center also hosted the major media for Super Bowl XL. GM offered the Wintergarden a venue for the annual Fash Bash, a fashion event and fundraiser coordinated by the Detroit Institute of Arts.[25]
Kid Rock's 2008 music video for "Roll On" featured the Renaissance Center along with several other well-known structures in Detroit. The History Channel's Life After People: The Series "Roads to Nowhere" episode featured the Renaissance Center. Renaissance Center replicas have become souvenir items, along with other Detroit skyscrapers.[26]
In 2010, the building was featured on the cover of Eminem's seventh studio album Recovery.
The Renaissance Center, along with other Detroit landmarks, appears frequently in the 2010 television drama Detroit 1-8-7.
In November 2011, in a book by Adrian Humphreys titled The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob, the former driver of Jimmy Hoffa and a mob associate Marvin "The Weasel" Elkind stated that Hoffa is buried in the foundations of the Renaissance Center.[27][28]
Architecture
The centerpiece is the 73-story 727-foot (221.5 m) luxury hotel with 1,246 rooms and 52 suites (1298 total guest rooms). Its height is measured from its main Wintergarden entrance on Atwater Street which faces the International Riverfront where the complex measures 14 feet (4.27 m) taller. Entirely owned by General Motors, the complex has 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of space.[5][29] The main Renaissance Center complex rises from a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site.[29] The complex is designed in the Modern architectural style with glass as a main material.
Famous for its cylindrical design, the central hotel tower's diameter is 188 feet (57 m).[29] A lighted glass walkway radiates the mezzanine level and encircles the base of cylindrical hotel tower for ease of navigation. This ringed glass walkway is about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and has a circumference of approximately 660 feet (200 m) or about one-eighth of a mile around.[29] The ringed walkway's diameter is approximately 210 feet (64 m). It links to several other walkways in the complex. The five-story Wintergarden atrium leads into the central area which has an eight-story atrium lobby with artificial ponds, rounded concrete balconies, and terraces. Floors 71 through 73 include the Coach Insignia, an upscale restaurant with a lounge area/observation floor where the view extends for over 30 miles (48.3 km). The hotel has no floor labeled 7, 8, or 13. The hotel features a major conference center with 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of meeting space including a Renaissance Ballroom for up to 2,200 guests with 26,000 square feet (2,400 m2) for events, one of the largest in the United States.[10][11]
John Portman designed the five-building rosette with interior spaces.[11] In 1977, its central tower opened as the tallest hotel in the world.[9] It remains the tallest all hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[9] The smaller cylinders on sides of all the towers house the elevators. The four surrounding 39-story office towers (100–400) each reach 522 feet (159 m) and have a total of 2,200,000 square feet (204,400 m2) of space.[14][29] Each 39-story tower has a base five-story podium structure with 165,000 square feet (15,300 m2) for retail space for a total of 660,000 square feet (61,000 m2).[14] A portion of the central atrium area houses GM World, a show case for GM vehicles. Two 21-story towers (500–600), designed by Portman and constructed in 1981, reach 339 feet (103 m). GM gained control of Towers 500 and 600 in 2001.[14] Tower 500 has 307,300 square feet (28,550 m2) of office space and an additional 14,485 square feet (1,350 m2) of retail space.[30] Tower 600 has 304,200 square feet (28,260 m2) of office space and an additional 35,730 square feet (3,320 m2) of retail space.[31]
Towers 100 and 200 are along Jefferson Avenue. Towers 300 and 400 are along the main Wintergarden/Atwater Street entrance facing the Riverfront. Tower 200 contains the Riverfront 4, a four-screen, first-run movie theater, on the third floor of the tower. The Renaissance Club, a private club founded by Henry Ford II in 1987, is located on the 36th floor of the tower. The GM Renaissance Conference Center is located on the second floor of tower 300.[14]
In December 2001, the General Motors Wintergarden retail atrium was unveiled. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it rises 103 feet (31.39 m) tall at its highest point opening direct access to the International Riverfront. In addition, the five-story Wintergarden atrium area, added in 2001, has 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) devoted to retail with 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of contiguous main floor exhibit space which was used by the media during Super Bowl XL.[14]
The design is consistent with the themes of Brutalist architecture, especially in the heavy massing of concrete on the lower floors, but the 2001 renovation has softened those features.
Redevelopment
The redevelopment project included the work of many different architects including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, SmithGroup of Detroit, Gensler Detroit office, and Ghafari Associates of Dearborn who did the renovation of the office towers. The majority of the construction operations were led by Turner Construction Company. The structural glass and steel for the Wintergarden, the entrance lobby as well as the mezzanine glass walkway were contributed by Mero. The cost of the renovation does not include the cost for reconfiguring the streets around the Renaissance Center or the cost of the park along the International Riverfront.
The $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center completed in 2003 has helped improve Detroit's economy.[12] Together, GM's renovation of the Renaissance Center and the Detroit Riverwalk exceeded $1 billion; the project constituted a substantial investment in downtown. More than 10,000 people (of which 6,000 are GM employees) work in the complex.[29] Nearly 2,000 state workers now occupy GM's former office building, the restored Cadillac Place, in the historic New Center district.[20]
The Wintergarden added to the Renaissance Center faces the Riverfront and provides panoramic views of the Windsor skyline. The complex connects offices, the hotel, retail specialty shops, restaurants, a jazz club, and a movie theater. A pedestrian-friendly glass entryway has replaced the former concrete berms along Jefferson Avenue. The redevelopment provides the GM World display of vehicles, a restored hotel, a renovated rooftop restaurant, and the addition of GM's corporate logo to crown the top of the building. Construction of the lighted glass walkway facilitates ease of navigation encircling the interior mezzanine. Hines completed redevelopment of Towers 500 and 600 for GM in 2004.[14][30][31]
The Riverfront Promenade was dedicated on December 17, 2004, and helped to usher in a return to recreational uses along Detroit's International Riverfront. GM played a key role in the transformation of the east riverfront with a donation of $135 million to the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy for the development of a world class riverfront promenade planned at $559 million, which included $50 million from the Kresge foundation.[32] With the addition of several prominent restaurants and retailers to the complex – such as JoS. A. Bank Clothiers, Seldom Blues, and a first-run movie theater – the RenCen has started to redefine Detroit once again for a new generation. In 2011, the Detroit Wayne County Port Authority opened its new state of the art cruise ship dock and passenger terminal on Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center.[33][34] Port authority bonds financed another 1,500 space parking garage adjacent to the Renaissance Center. Further upriver, the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel faces the east riverfront. In addition to the gradual continuation of the riverfront promenade, other planned projects complementing the Renaissance Center continue along the International Riverfont which include development of luxury condominiums, a cruise ship passenger terminal, retail, and entertainment venues.[35]
In 2011, the Renaissance Center added colored LED lighting on the top of its towers (Towers 500 and 600 utilize traditional blue floodlights to illuminate their top floors). General Motors added a large illuminated LED corporate logo which also displays GM divisions. The animated logo and illuminated LED color bands around the towers can be used to support special events and may be seen from Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. The renovation of Cobo Center convention and exhibit facility incorporates similar blue neon lighting along riverfront promenade.
Technical details
| Building | Image | Year | Stories | Height feet / m |
Area sq feet / m² |
Principal tenant(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center. (Central hotel tower) |
 |
1977 2004 |
73 | 727 / 221.5 | 1,812,000 / 168,300 estimate |
Marriott hotel with the Coach Insignia restaurant located at the top. |
| Southwest – Tower 100 |  |
1977 2004 |
39 | 522 / 159 | 550,000 / 51,100 | General Motors, HP Enterprise Services, United States Post Office. |
| Northwest – Tower 200 | 1977 2004 |
39 | 522 / 159 | 550,000 / 51,100 | Ally Financial Headquarters and Deloitte. | |
| Northeast – Tower 300 |  |
1977 2004 |
39 | 522 / 159 | 550,000 / 51,100 | General Motors. The Renaissance Conference Center on level 2 contains 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2). of meeting space.[36] |
| Southeast – Tower 400 | 1977 2004 |
39 | 522 / 159 | 550,000 / 51,100 | General Motors, OnStar, Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit.[37] | |
| Podium structures beneath Towers 100–400 |
 |
1977 2004 |
5 | 103 / 31.39 | 660,000 / 61,300 | GM World, exhibit space & retail Riverfront 4 movie theaters. |
| Tower 500 |  |
1981 2004 |
21 | 339 / 103 | 320,000 / 29,700 | Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Includes 14,845 sq ft (1,380 m2) of retail space.[30] |
| Tower 600 | 1981 2004 |
21 | 339 / 103 | 340,000 / 31,600 | Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and Consulate-General of Canada.[38] Includes 35,730 sq ft (3,320 m2) of retail space.[31] | |
| Wintergarden & shops |  |
2001 | 5 | 103 / 31.39 | 150,000 / 14,000 | Retail stores and restaurants. |
| Wintergarden atrium | 2001 | 5 | 103 / 31.39 | 40,000 / 3,700 | Main entry and exhibit space. | |
| Mezzanine |  |
1977 2004 |
NA | NA | 30,000 / 2,800 | GM University. |
| Renaissance Center total |  |
1977 2004 |
NA | 727 / 221.5 | 5,552,000 / 515,800 | Owner of complex: General Motors. Property management firm: CBRE. |
Retail
In July 2007 portions of Asian Village, a development of restaurants in Suite 2653 in the GM Center (200 Renaissance Center) with Asian cuisine offered, opened. The center was designed to evoke street food stalls within East and Southeast Asia.[39]
Notable tenants
- Level A Food Court
- Burger King #13332 (A-1042, opened August 1984)[40][41]
- McDonald's[42]
- Subway (A203, Tower 200)[43][44]
- Tower 100
- Bank of America
- Chase
- Comerica Bank
- Jos. A. Bank Clothiers
- Au Bon Pain
- United States Postal Service Renaissance Center Post Office
- HP Enterprise Services administrative office (5th–7th floors)
- Previously: Northwest Airlines ticket office (Suite 100B, Westin Hotel)[45]
- Tower 200
- Coney Town
- GyroLand
- Fish City
- Gateway Newsstands
- CVS/pharmacy
- Riverfront 4 Theatres
- Coach Insignia restaurant – elevator to top floor of central tower accessed on level 3
- Deloitte
- Tower 300
- Cherilynn's Gold Crown Hallmark
- GMAC Insurance
- GM University – Level 2
- Renaissance Conference Center
- Coach Insignia – elevator to central tower accessed on level 3
- Tower 400
- Joe Muer Seafood
- Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit[37]
- Dykema Gossett World Headquarters
- Pure Detroit tourist gift store/The GM Collection Store
- Tower 500
- Tower 600
- Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan
- Consulate-General of Canada in Detroit is located in Suite 1100.[38]
- Marriott International
- GM Wintergarden
- Andiamo Detroit Riverfront
See also
- Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
- List of tallest buildings in Detroit
- List of tallest buildings in Michigan
- List of tallest buildings in the United States
- List of largest buildings in the world
References
- ↑ Renaissance Center at Emporis
- ↑ Renaissance Center at Glass Steel and Stone
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Renaissance Center at SkyscraperPage
- ↑ Renaissance Center at Structurae
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 GM Renaissance Center – Project Facts. Skidmore Ownings & Merrill. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
- ↑ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center Facts". CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ↑ Marriott Renaissance Center at Emporis
- ↑ Renaissance Center at Structurae
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Official World's 100 Tallest High Rise Buildings (Hotel Use). Emporis.com. Retrieved on May 30, 2008.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Meyer, Katherine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mercer, Tenisha (19 October 2005). "GM's RenCen renovation attracts new business back". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ↑ AIA Detroit Urban Priorities Committee, (January 10, 2006).Top 10 Detroit Interiors Model D Media.Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 GM Renaissance Center.Hines. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Detroit News Staff (September 29, 2001). How the Renaissance Center changed the landscape of Detroit Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
- ↑ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
- ↑ Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting (timeline). Wayne State University. ISBN 0-8143-2870-9.
- ↑ Gavrilovich, Peter and Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 New Center Council. Retrieved on May 16, 2009.
- ↑ Portman, John and Jonathan Barnett (1976). The Architect as Developer. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-050536-5.
- ↑ Coach Insignia. The Epicurean Group. Retrieved on October 23, 2013.
- ↑ Look Up: Top 10 Downtown Buildings, AIA Detroit.Model D media, Retrieved on July 4, 2010.
- ↑ Out of Sight Filming Locations IMDB
- ↑ Hodges, Michael H. (September 8, 2003).Fox Theatre's rebirth ushered in city's renewal. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on August 16, 2008.
- ↑ InFocusTech skyscrapers. Retrieved on July 16, 2009.
- ↑ Humphreys, Adrian (2011). The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0470964514.
- ↑ Hamilton, Brad (December 25, 2011). "Is this the final resting place of Jimmy Hoffa?". New York Post. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Historical Perspective. GM Renaissance Center. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Tower 500.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Tower 600.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
- ↑ Detroit News Editorial (December 13, 2002). At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront. Detroit News.
- ↑ Detroit Wayne County Port Authority Breaks Ground on $11.25 Million Public Dock and Terminal. (June 21, 2004). PRNewswire. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
- ↑ Gallagher, John (17 July 2011). "First Cruise Passengers Arrive at new Detroit Terminal". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
- ↑ The world is coming, see the change. City of Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on May 16, 2009.
- ↑ "Renaissance Conference Center". Rencenmeetings.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Location." Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit. Retrieved on February 1, 2009.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Office Location." Consulate-General of Canada in Detroit. Retrieved on February 1, 2009.
- ↑ Kavanaugh, Kelli B. "Portions of Asian Village open this week." (Archive) Model D Media. Tuesday July 17, 2007. Retrieved on October 1, 2013.
- ↑ "Burger King." Renaissance Center. Retrieved on May 13, 2009.
- ↑ "BK13332." Excel Services, Inc. (Franchisee for Burger King) Retrieved on May 13, 2009.
- ↑ "McDonald's." Renaissance Center. Retrieved on May 10, 2009.
- ↑ "Subway." Renaissance Center. Retrieved on May 10, 2009.
- ↑ "200 Renaissance Ctr A203, Detroit." Subway. Retrieved on May 13, 2009.
- ↑ "Ticket Offices and Phone Numbers". Northwest Airlines. June 13, 1998. Archived from the original on 1998-06-13. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Further reading
- Desiderio, Francis (Spring 2009). "A Catalyst for Downtown’: Detroit’s Renaissance Center". Michigan Historical Review 35 (1): 83–112. ISSN 0890-1686. (subscription required (help)).
- Fisher, Dale (2003). Building Michigan: A Tribute to Michigan's Construction Industry. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle. ISBN 1-891143-24-7.
- Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History. Making of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2.
- Thomas, June Manning (1997). Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.
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