Reichsfluchtsteuer

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The Reichsfluchtsteuer ("Reich Flight Tax") was a capital control law implemented in order to stem capital flight from the Weimar Republic. The law was created through decree on 8 December 1931 as part of the "Fourth Decree of the Reich President on the Protection of the Economy and Finance and on the Defense of Civil Peace" ("Vierten [Not-]Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zur Sicherung von Wirtschaft und Finanzen und zum Schutze des inneren Friedens"), as published in the Reichsgesetzblatt 1931 I, pp. 699–745. The Reichsfluchtsteuer was assessed upon departure from the individual's German domicile, provided that the individual had assets exceeding 200,000 RM or had a yearly income over 20,000 RM. The tax rate was set at 25 percent.

During the Third Reich, the use of the Reichsfluchtsteuer shifted away from dissuading wealthy citizens from moving overseas. Rather, the departure of Jewish citizens was desired and permitted by the Nazi government — even after the Invasion of Poland — until a decree from Heinrich Himmler forbade Jewish emigration on 23 October 1941. The Reichsfluchtsteuer was used as a "partial expropriation"[1] of the assets of Jewish refugees who were persecuted and driven to flee their homeland.

At the time, the Reichsmark was fixed at an exchange rate of 4.2 RM per USD; 200,000 RM was equivalent to $47,600 USD ($680,000 in 2010 currency).

Historical background

The Great Depression of 1929 led to massive loan cancellations from the international banking system; this particularly affected Germany, which had an estimated foreign debt of 24 billion RM in 1931, of which 5.25 billion RM alone had to be repaid in the first half of the year.[2] The German government limited free capital flows and controlled the exchange of foreign currency, while also implementing austerity measures and raising the income tax. These measures precipitated a wave of capital flight, and the Reichsfluchtsteuer was intended to dissuade wealthy would-be emigrants from leaving the country.

The idea that penalizing "unpatriotic desertion" (relocation overseas to avoid taxation) was not new. In 1918, the German government had passed the "Gesetz gegen die Steuerflucht" ("Law against tax evasion", Reichsgesetzblatt I, p. 951) which was repealed in 1925.[3]

Decree of 8 December 1931

The Reichsfluchtsteuer was only of many other measures implemented by the "Fourth Decree of the Reich President on the Protection of the Economy and Finance and on the Defense of Civil Peace" ("Vierten Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zur Sicherung von Wirtschaft und Finanzen und zum Schutze des inneren Friedens"): there were also regulations on prices, interest rates, the housing industry, social insurance, labor law, and financial rules, as well as the forbidding of uniformed bodies and gun control regulations.

As a temporary "Measure Against Capital Flight and Tax Evasion", individuals who were citizens of the Weimar Republic as of 31 March 1929 and had moved or would move their residence abroad before 31 December 1932, the Reichsfluchtsteuer would be assessed, provided the emigrant had taxable assets in excess of 200,000 RM or an annual income over 20,000 RM. The tax rate was set at 25% of total assets or income and was also applied retroactively.[4]

Taxable persons who attempted to evade this penalty could be punished with no less than three months imprisonment and an unlimited fine. The names of those abroad who evaded this penalty were listed in a "Tax wanted poster" published in the Deutscher Reichsanzeiger, and were to be arrested in the event of a visit to Germany. Any assets in Germany belonging to tax evaders who had moved overseas were seized.

The law was supposed to expire at the end of the year 1932 but that year it was extended to 31 December 1934 (Reichsgesetzblatt I, p. 572).

The Reichsfluchtsteuer in Nazi Germany

The existing decree assessing Reichsfluchtsteuer was substantially changed with the "Law Concerning Revision of the Specifications of the Reichsfluchtsteuer" ("Gesetz über Änderung der Vorschriften über die Reichsfluchtsteuer"), issued 18 May 1934 (RGBl. 1934 I, pp. 392–393), and was extended six times during the Third Reich[5] and was amended on 9 December 1942 (RGBl. I, p. 682) to remain in force indefinitely.

A major change included in the 1934 revisions was the lower limit for taxable assets was decreased from 200,000 RM to 50,000 Reichsmark (equivalent to about $170,000 USD in 2010). The assessment means were also changed to the detriment of the would-be emigrant.[6] As such, a much larger group of people were targeted by the tax. The Reichsfluchtsteuer, which was originally aimed at those who voluntarily sought to reduce their tax burden by moving overseas, instead affected primarily the Jews who wished to leave their homeland due to well-justified fears of violence, incarceration, and occupational limitations.

Prior to Machtergreifung in 1933, the funds raised through the Reichsfluchtsteuer were comparably small, amounting to just under 1 million RM in 1932.[7] After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, the wave of refugees — caused by the government's rapidly escalating persecution of Jews — made up a substantial part of the government's finances. In 1933, the tax raised 17 million RM, eventually reaching a peak of 342 million RM in 1938. In total, the Nazi government accrued 941 million RM in taxes through the Reichsfluchtsteuer. An estimated 90% of these funds came from emigrants persecuted for religious or racial reasons.[8]

Implementation

In order to legally emigrate, a "tax clearance certificate" ("Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung") was required from the Tax Authority, certifying the payment of the Reichsfluchtsteuer and other taxes. When individuals were suspected of intentions to emigrate, the Exchange Control Office of the Tax Authority could require a security deposit equivalent to the amount of the Reichsfluchtsteuer. A tight surveillance net was created to discover persons planning to flee the country: the Reichspost tracked change of address orders by Jews; freight companies were required to report moves; notaries reported sales of real estate; life insurance companies were required to report cancellations of life insurance. The Gestapo surveiled the letter and telephone correspondence of suspected individuals.[9]

Even upon payment of the Reichsfluchtsteuer, it was not guaranteed that an individual could leave the country with his or her remaining property. The exemption limit for foreign exchanges was set at 10 Reichsmark. Bank deposits and security holdings were moved into frozen accounts, from which funds could only be transferred abroad with the payment of high penalties. The percentage of the funds confiscated increased over time:[10]

  • January 1934: 20%
  • August 1934: 65%
  • October 1936: 81%
  • June 1938: 90%
  • September 1939: 96%

Repeal

The laws were repealed through the "Law for Repeal of Obsolete Tax Regulations" on 23 July 1953 (Bundessteuerblatt 1953 I, p. 276). A replacement law that was discussed in the cabinet was not introduced in the Bundestag, as various measures against capital flight were already in place through the overseeing allied powers.

Repayment

As established by the American-issued "Military Government Law No. 59; Restitution of Identifiable Property", all Reichsfluchtsteuer was ordered to be repaid insofar as it could be linked to emigration of persecuted peoples. The German Restitution Laws passed in 1953 included limitations and unfavorable calculations in § 21, which were lifted in the revision of 1956 in § 59. The Reichsfluchtsteuer refund payments were part of a larger program of Wiedergutmachung, also including repayments of the Judenvermögenabgabe ("Jewish Capital Levy").[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Martin Friedenberger et al. (Pub.): Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus. Bremen 2002, ISBN 3-86108-377-9, p. 12.
  2. ↑ Christoph Franke: "Die Rolle der Devisenstellen bei der Enteignung der Juden." In: Katharina Stengel (Pub.): Die staatliche Enteignung der Juden im Nationalsozialismus. Frankfurt a.M. 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38371-2, p. 80.
  3. ↑ Susanne Meinl, Jutta Zwilling: Legalisierter Raub - Die Ausplünderung der Juden im Nationalsozialismus durch die Reichsfinanzverwaltung in Hessen. Frankfurt/M 2004, ISBN 3-593-37612-1, p. 40.
  4. ↑ Dorothee Mußgnug: Die Reichsfluchtsteuer 1931-1953. Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-428-07604-4.
  5. ↑ Dorothee Mußgnug: Die Reichsfluchtsteuer... p. 33
  6. ↑ See: Susanne Meinl, Jutta Zwilling: „Legalisierter Raub“..., p. 299
  7. ↑ Martin Friedenberger et al. (Pub.): Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus... p. 13 & Doc. p. 30
  8. ↑ Martin Friedenberger et al. (Pub.): Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus... p. 13
  9. ↑ Martin Friedenberger et al. (Pub.): Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus... p. 14
  10. ↑ Frank Bajohr: Arisierung als gesellschaftlicher Prozess. In: Claus Offe (Pub.): Demokratisierung der Demokratie. Frankfurt/M 2003, ISBN 3-593-37286-X, p. 21
  11. ↑ Dorothee Mußgnug: Die Reichsfluchtsteuer..., p. 65f
This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.

Further reading

  • Martin Friedenberger et al. (Pub.): Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus. Bremen 2002, ISBN 3-86108-377-9.
  • Martin Friedenberger: Fiskalische Ausplünderung. Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938690-86-4.
  • Dorothee Mußgnug: Die Reichsfluchtsteuer 1931-1953. Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-428-07604-4.

External links

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