Reactionary modernism

Nazi architecture mixing modernist design with the ancient Swastika symbol.

An Iraqi state-sponsored billboard that portrays Saddam Hussein seizing Jerusalem, showing both ancient Bablyonian chariots entering Jerusalem followed by Crusades-era Muslim horsemen, along with modern-day soldiers in the foreground with submachine guns who are celebrating. Saddam Hussein is shown holding the Iraqi flag beside Saladin (to the right of Saddam Hussein) and Nebuchadnezzar II (to the right of Saladin).

"Reactionary modernism" is a term coined by Jeffrey Herf in 1984 book, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich, to describe the mixture of "great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy" which was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism.^[1]

Herf's application of the term to describe Fascism has been widely echoed by other scholars.^[2] Herf had used the term to denote a trend in intellectual thought during the era, what German novelist Thomas Mann had described as "a highly technological romanticism" during the interwar years. Herf used the term in reference to a wide range of German cultural figures, including Ernst Jünger, Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt, and Hans Freyer. Historian Nicolas Guilhot has broadened the scope of reactionary modernism, applying the term to trends in Weimar Republic industry, medicine (eugenics), mass politics, and social engineering.^[3] Reactionary modernism can be seen in the Fascist concept of the New Man, as well as in art movements of Weimar culture that emphasized rationalism and embraced Futurism and the New Objectivity. Many Weimar period artists rejected the Futurists' fetishization of machinery and violence, for example the proponents of German Expressionism. Despite this, the return to order became a dominant theme in German culture and in that of other European countries.

Reactionary modernism has been explored as a theme in the interwar literature and broader political culture of Great Britain.^[4] It has been examined in the context of other European countries during the interwar period, including Romania,^[5] Greece,^[6] Sweden.,^[7] and Spain.^[8] It has even been examined in the context of Fascism in Japan.^[9] Other historians acknowledge the term's recognition of an influential trend in European philosophical, cultural and political thought during the period when Fascism was on the rise.^[10] Since the neologism was created by Herf, it has gained mainstream currency with historians in discussing the paradoxical European enthusiasm for paternalistic authoritarianism and volkish nationalism on the one hand, and new technological and political concepts on the other hand, all under totalitarian regimes.^[11]

Herf now applies the term to the government of Iran under the Ayatollahs, the government of Iraq under Sadam Hussein, and Islamist groups such as Al Qaeda.^[1] Other scholars, including Paul Berman, have also applied Herf's term to Islamism.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Cultural critic Richard Barbrook argues that members of the digerati, who adhere to the Californian Ideology, embrace a form of reactionary modernism which combines economic growth with social stratification.^[16]

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