Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture

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In mathematics, the Ramanujan conjecture, due to Srinivasa Ramanujan (1916, p.176), states that Ramanujan's tau function given by the Fourier coefficients $\tau (n)$ of the cusp form $\Delta (z)$ of weight 12

$\Delta (z)=\sum _{{n>0}}\tau (n)q^{n}=q\prod _{{n>0}}(1-q^{n})^{{24}}=q-24q^{2}+252q^{3}+\cdots$

(where q=e^2πiz) satisfies

$|\tau (p)|\leq 2p^{{11/2}},$

when $p$ is a prime number. The generalized Ramanujan conjecture or Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture, introduced by Petersson (1930), is a generalization to other modular forms or automorphic forms.

Ramanujan L-function

The Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet L-function satisfy the Euler product,

$L(s,a)=\prod _{p}{\biggl (}1+{\frac {a(p)}{p^{s}}}+{\frac {a(p^{2})}{p^{{2s}}}}\cdots {\biggr )}$

(1)

and due to their completely multiplicative property

$L(s,a)=\prod _{p}{\biggl (}1-{\frac {a(p)}{p^{s}}}{\biggr )}^{{-1}}.$

(2)

Are there L-functions except for the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet L-functions satisfying the above relations? Indeed, the L-functions of automorphic form satisfy the Euler product (1) but they do not satisfy (2) because they do not have completely multiplicative property. However, Ramanujan discovery that the L-functions of automorphic form would satisfy the modified relation,

$L(s,\tau )=\prod _{p}{\biggl (}1-{\frac {\tau (p)}{p^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{p^{{2s-11}}}}{\biggr )}^{{-1}},$

(3)

where $\tau (p)$ is the Ramanujan's tau function. The term +1/(p^2s-11) in (3) is thought as the difference from the completely multiplicative property. The above L-function is called Ramanujan's L-function.

Ramanujan conjecture

Ramanujan conjectured the followings:

1, $\tau (n)$ is multiplicative,
2, $\tau (p)$ is not completely multiplicative but for prime p $\ \ \ \ \tau (p^{{j+1}})=\tau (p)\tau (p^{j})-p^{{11}}\tau (p^{{j-1}})\ (j=1,2,3,\dots ),$ and
3, $|\tau (p)|\leq p^{{11/2}}.$

Ramanujan observed that the quadratic equation of u=p^-s in the denominator of RHS of (3),

$1-\tau (p)u+p^{{11}}u^{2}$

would have always imaginary roots from a lot of examples. The relationship between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations leads the third relation, called Ramanujan's conjecture. Moreover, for the Ramanujan tau function, let the roots of the above quadratic equation be α and β, then

$Re(\alpha )=Re(\beta )=p^{{11/2}}.$

Namely, The real part of the roots is equal to p^11/2, which looks like the Riemann Hypothesis. It implies an estimate that is only slightly weaker for all the $\tau (n)$ , namely $O(n^{{{\frac {11}{2}}+\varepsilon }})$ for any $\varepsilon >0$ .

In 1917 L. Mordell proved the first two relations using complex analysis, which nowaday, is known as Hecke operators. Ramanujan conjecture followed from the proof of the Weil conjectures by Deligne (1974). The formulations required to show that it was a consequence were delicate, and not at all obvious. It was the work of Michio Kuga with contributions also by Mikio Sato, Goro Shimura, and Yasutaka Ihara, followed by Deligne (1968). The existence of the connection inspired some of the deep work in the late 1960s when the consequences of the étale cohomology theory were being worked out.

Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for modular forms

In 1937, using Hecke operators Erich Hecke generalized the method of the first two proofs of the Ramanujan conjectures by Mordell to the automorphic L-function of the discrete subgroups Γ of SL(2,R). For a modular form

$f(z)=\sum _{{n=0}}^{\infty }a_{n}q^{n}\ \ (q=e^{{2\pi iz}})$

one can get the Dirichlet series

$\varphi (s)=\sum _{{n=1}}^{\infty }a_{n}n^{{-s}}.$

Then for f(z) in the modular form of Γ with weight k ≥ 2, φ(s) absolutely converges in Re(s) > k due to a_n=O(n^{k-1+ε). Since f belongs to the modular form with weight k, (s-k)φ(s) turns out to be entire and R(s)=(2π)^-sΓ(s)φ(s) satisfies the functional equation:}

$R(k-s)=(-1)^{{k/2}}R(s),$

which proved by Wilton in 1929. This correspondence between f and φ is 1 to 1 (a₀=(-1)^k/2Res_s=kR(s)). Let g(x)=f(ix)-a₀ for x > 0, then g(x) is related with R(s) via the Mellin tranformation

$R(s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }g(x)x^{{s-1}}dx\Leftrightarrow g(x)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{{Re_{{s=\sigma _{0}}}}}R(s)x^{{-s}}ds.$

This correspondence relates the Dirichlet series that satisfy the above functional equation with the automorphic form of a discrete subgroup of SL(2,R).

In the case k ≥ 3 Hans Petersson introduced the metric on the space of modular forms, called Petersson metric (also see Weil-Petersson metric). This conjecture was named after him. Under the Petersson metric it is shown that we can define the orthogonality on the space of modular forms as the space of cusp forms and its orthogonal space and they have finite dimensions. Furthermore, for the holomorphic modular forms we can concretely calculate the dimension of the space of them due to Riemann-Roch theorem. (see the dimensions of modular forms)

The more general Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for holomorphic cusp forms in the theory of elliptic modular forms for congruence subgroups has a similar formulation, with exponent (k − 1)/2 where k is the weight of the form. These results also follow from the Weil conjectures, except for the case k = 1, where it is a result of Deligne & Serre (1974).

The Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for Maass wave forms is still open (as of 2013) because the Deligne's method working well in the holomorphic case does not work in real analytic case.

Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for automorphic forms

Satake (1966) reformulated the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture in terms of automorphic representations for GL₂ as saying that the local components of automorphic representations lie in the principal series, and suggested this condition as a generalization of the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture to automorphic forms on other groups. Another way of saying this is that the local components of cusp forms should be tempered. However, several authors found counter-examples for anisotropic groups where the component at infinity was not tempered. Kurokawa (1978) and Howe & Piatetski-Shapiro (1979) showed that the conjecture was also false even for some quasi-split and split groups, by constructing automorphic forms for the unitary group U_2,1 and the symplectic group Sp₄ that are non-tempered almost everywhere, related to the representation θ₁₀.

After the counterexamples were found, Piatetski-Shapiro (1979) suggested that a reformulation of the conjecture should still hold. The current formulation of the generalized Ramanujan conjecture is for a globally generic cuspidal automorphic representation of a connected reductive group, where the generic assumption means that the representation admits a Whittaker model. It states that each local component of such a representation should be tempered. It is an observation due to Langlands that establishing functoriality of symmetric powers of automorphic representations of GL_n will give a proof of the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture.

Bounds towards Ramanujan over number fields

Obtaining the best possible bounds towards the generalized Ramanujan conjecture in the case of number fields has caught the attention of many mathematicians. Each improvement is considered a milestone in the world of modern Number Theory. In order to understand the Ramanujan bounds for GL_n, consider a unitary cuspidal automorphic representation π = ⊗' π_v. The Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification tells us that each p-adic $\pi _{v}$ can be obtained via unitary parabolic induction from a representation $\tau _{{1,v}}\otimes \cdots \otimes \tau _{{d,v}}$ . Here each $\tau _{{i,v}}$ is a representation of GL_{n_i}, over the place v, of the form $\tau _{{i_{0},v}}\otimes |\det |_{v}^{{\sigma _{{i,v}}}}$ with $\tau _{{i_{0},v}}$ tempered. Given n ≥ 2, a Ramanujan bound is a number δ ≥ 0 such that $\max _{i}|\sigma _{{i,v}}|\leq \delta$ . Langlands classification can be used for the archimedean places. The generalized Ramanujan conjecture is equivalent to the bound δ = 0.

Jacquet, Piatetski-Shapiro & Shalika (1981) obtain a first bound of δ ≤ 1/2 for the general linear group GL_n, known as the trivial bound. An important breakthrough was made by Luo, Rudnick & Sarnak (1999), who currently hold the best general bound of δ ≡ 1/2 - 1/(n²+1) for arbitrary n and any number field. In the case of GL₂, Kim and Sarnak established the breakthrough bound of δ = 7/64 when the number field is the field of rational numbers, which is obtained as a consequence of the functoriality result of Kim (2002) on the symmetric fourth obtained via the Langlands-Shahidi method. Generalizing the Kim-Sarnak bounds to an arbitrary number field is possible by the results of Blomer & Brumley (2011).

For reductive groups other than GL_n, the generalized Ramanujan conjecture will follow from principle of Langlands functoriality. An important example are the classical groups, where the best possible bounds were obtained by Cogdell et al. (2004) as a consequence of their Langlands functorial lift.

The Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture over global function fields

Drinfeld's proof of the global Langlands correspondence for GL(2) over a global function field leads towards a proof of the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture. In a magnificent tour de force, Lafforgue (2002) successfully extended Drinfeld's shtuka technique to the case of GL(n) in positive characteristic. Via a different technique that extends the Langlands-Shahidi method to include global function fields, Lomelí (2009) proves the Ramanujan conjecture for the classical groups.

Applications

The most celebrated application of the Ramanujan conjecture is the explicit construction of Ramanujan graphs by Lubotzky, Phillips and Sarnak. Indeed, the name "Ramanujan graph" was derived from this connection. Another application is that the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for the general linear group GL_n implies Selberg's conjecture about eigenvalues of the Laplacian for some discrete groups.

References

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v t e L-functions in number theory

Analytic examples	Riemann zeta function Dirichlet L-functions L-functions of Hecke characters Automorphic L-functions Selberg class

Algebraic examples	Dedekind zeta functions Artin L-functions Hasse–Weil L-functions Motivic L-functions

Theorems	Analytic class number formula Weil conjectures

Analytic conjectures	Riemann hypothesis Generalized Riemann hypothesis Lindelöf hypothesis Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture Artin conjecture

Algebraic conjectures	Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture Deligne's conjecture Beilinson conjectures Bloch–Kato conjecture Langlands conjecture

p-adic L-functions	Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory Selmer group Euler system

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