The Ramadanids, also known as the Ramadanid dynasty, Emirate of Ramadan and Ramadanid principality (Modern Turkish: Ramazanoğulları, Ramazan and Ramazanoğulları Beyliği), was one of the Anatolian beyliks. Its capital was in Adana. It was one of the frontier emirates established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.
History
Because of the Mongol invasion Turkmens started migrating into Anatolia in great numbers. The Mameluk sultan gave them the right to settle from Antioch to Gaza. In return Turkmens became a great help in battles against Crusaders and Mongols.
As a result of Ebu Said Bahadir Khan's death, Turkmens turned their eyes on Cilicia and they started to settle the provinces which they captured. With the help of the Mameluks in 1360 Adana and Tarsus were captured, leaving only a few castles to the Armenians. Ramazan Bey, from the Yuregir clan of Oghuz Turks had founded the emirate and made Elbistan the capital. However after the conquest of Elbistan by the Emirate of Dulkadir, the capital was moved to Adana.
In 1375, Ramadanids destroyed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in the name of the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, this became the core territory of the Ramadanids.
After the death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made alliance with the Karaman Emirate. Alaeddin Bey and Ibrahim Bey together tried to break the Mameluks' might in the province. After this alliance a great Mameluk army moved in and began to plunder but Ibrahim Bey's army achieved a great victory against the Mameluks in Belen. Also in this battle Temur Bey, the general of the Mameluks, had been captured. Yilboga, the amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle.
The Ramadanids played an important role in 15th century Ottoman-Mamluk relations, being a buffer state located in the Mamluk al-'Awasim frontier zone.
In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans.
The dynasty remains prominent in Turkish society to this day.
Architecture
Ramazanoğlu Hall, which is used currently as a cultural center, was the state residence of the Beylik. Administration hall of the Beylik does not exist today.
Rulers of Ramadanids
- Ramazan Bey (1352-1378)[1]
- İbrâhim Bey (1378-1383)
- Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Bey (1383-1416)
- İbrâhim II Bey (1416-1418)
- İzzeddîn Hamza Bey (1418-1426)
- Mehmed Bey (1426-1435)
- Eylûk Bey (1435-1439)
- Dündar Bey (1439-1470)
- Ömer Bey (1470-1485)
- Gıyâseddîn Halil Bey (1485-1510)
- Mahmûd Bey (I. 1510-1514- II. 1516-1517)
- Selim Bey (1514-1516)
- Kubad Paşa (1517-1520)
- Pîrî Mehmed Paşa (1520-1568)
- Derviş Bey (1568-1569)
- İbrahim III Bey (1569-1589)
- Mehmed II Bey (1589-1594)
- Pir Mansur Bey (1594-1608)
See also
References
- ↑ Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Gazetesi, 1993 (Turkish)
External links
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- Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
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- Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
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- Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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- Ancestors
- Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
- Founder
- Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
- Capitals
- Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
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| Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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| Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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| Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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| Important works: |
- Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
- Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
- Malabadi Bridge
- Hasankeyf Bridge
- Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
- Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
- Great Mosque of Silvan
- Great Mosque of Mardin
- Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
- Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
- Great Mosque of Harput
- Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
- Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105)
- Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134)
- Melik Mehmed (1134–1146)
- Yağıbasan (1146–1164)
- Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Niksar
- Great Mosque of Kayseri
- Kayseri Kölük Mosque
- Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
- Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri
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| Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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| Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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| Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Erzurum
- Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
- Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
- Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
- Kale Mosque in Erzurum
- Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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- Founder
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
- Capitals
- Birgi, later Ayasluğ
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| Dynasty: |
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
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| Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: |
- Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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| Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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| Chronology |
- 1461
- Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
- Alp Yürek (? - ?)
- Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
- Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)
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- Ancestor
- Hasan Dulkadir
- Founder
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
- Capital
- Elbistan
| | Chronology |
- 1443–1525
- Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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- Founder
- Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
- Capital
- Sivas, later Kayseri
| | Chronology |
- 1326
- Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
- Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
- Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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| Important works: | |
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- Ancestor
- Kerimüddin Alişir
- Founder
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
- Capital
- Kütahya
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| Dynasty: |
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
- Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
- Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
- 1429
- Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | | Chronology |
- 1374
- Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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| Dynasty: |
- Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283)
- Güneri Bey (1283–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351)
- Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
- Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424)
- Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
| | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
| | Chronology |
- 1368
- Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteşe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
| | Important centers and extension | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320)
- Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340)
- Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
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| Chronology |
- 1360
- Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
- 1390
- First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I
- 1424
- Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: | |
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
- Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
- Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
- Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)
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| Important works | |
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| | | Chronology |
- 1516
- Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
- 1516–1608
- Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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| | | Chronology |
- 1341
- Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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| Important works: | |
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1410
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
- Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
- 1410
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1423
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
- 1423
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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