Radiant energy density

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In radiometry, radiant energy density is the measure of the amount of radiant energy per unit volume at a given location and time.^[1] Its SI unit is joule per cubic metre (J/m³).

It is defined by

$w={\frac {{\mathrm {d}}W}{{\mathrm {d}}V}},$ ^[2]

where

$w$ is the radiant energy density,

$W$ is the amount of radiant energy in some volume,

$V$ is the volume.

Relation to other radiometric quantities

Because radiation always transmits the energy,^[2] it is useful to wonder what the speed of the transmission is. If all the radiation at given location propagates in the same direction, then the radiant flux through a unit area perpendicular to the propagation direction is expressed by radiant flux density, whose value is

$I_{{\mathrm {e}}}=cw,$ ^[2]

where

$I_{{\mathrm {e}}}$ is the radiant flux density (i.e. radiant flux per unit area),

$c$ is the speed of light (generally radiation propagation speed),

$w$ is the radiant energy density.

Contrarily if the radiation intensity is equal in all directions, like in a cavity in a thermodynamic equilibrium, then the energy transmition is best described by radiance (i.e. radiant flux per unit area and unit solid angle), whose value is

$L_{{\mathrm {e}}}={\frac {c}{4\pi }}w.$ ^[3]

Radiant exitance through a small opening from such cavity is $M_{{\mathrm {e}}}=\pi L_{{\mathrm {e}}}$ .^[4] These relations can be used for example in the black body radiation equations derivation.

References

↑ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Radiant energy density. Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05040. Last update: 2012-08-19; version: 2.3.2. Visited 2013-10-07.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Karel Rusňák. Přenos energie elektromagnetickým vlněním. Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia. 2005-11. Visited 2013-10-06
↑ Max Plack. The Theory of Heat Radiation. Equation 21. 1914.
↑ Max Plack. The Theory of Heat Radiation. Equation 7. 1914.

SI radiometry units
v
t
e
Quantity		Unit		Dimension	Notes
Name	Symbol^{[nb 1]}	Name	Symbol	Symbol	Notes
Radiant energy	Q_e^{[nb 2]}	joule	J	M⋅L²⋅T⁻²	energy
Radiant flux	Φ_e^{[nb 2]}	watt	W or J/s	M⋅L²⋅T⁻³	radiant energy per unit time, also called radiant power.
Spectral power	Φ_eλ^{[nb 2]}^{[nb 3]}	watt per metre	W⋅m⁻¹	M⋅L⋅T⁻³	radiant power per wavelength.
Radiant intensity	I_e	watt per steradian	W⋅sr⁻¹	M⋅L²⋅T⁻³	power per unit solid angle.
Spectral intensity	I_eλ^{[nb 3]}	watt per steradian per metre	W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻¹	M⋅L⋅T⁻³	radiant intensity per wavelength.
Radiance	L_e	watt per steradian per square metre	W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻²	M⋅T⁻³	power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area. confusingly called "intensity" in some other fields of study.
Spectral radiance	L_eλ^{[nb 3]} or L_eν^{[nb 4]}	watt per steradian per metre³ or watt per steradian per square metre per hertz	W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻³ or W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹	M⋅L⁻¹⋅T⁻³ or M⋅T⁻²	commonly measured in W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻²⋅nm⁻¹ with surface area and either wavelength or frequency.
Irradiance	E_e^{[nb 2]}	watt per square metre	W⋅m⁻²	M⋅T⁻³	power incident on a surface, also called radiant flux density. sometimes confusingly called "intensity" as well.
Spectral irradiance	E_eλ^{[nb 3]} or E_eν^{[nb 4]}	watt per metre³ or watt per square metre per hertz	W⋅m⁻³ or W⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹	M⋅L⁻¹⋅T⁻³ or M⋅T⁻²	commonly measured in W⋅m⁻²⋅nm⁻¹ or 10⁻²² W⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹, known as solar flux unit.^{[nb 5]}
Radiant exitance / Radiant emittance	M_e^{[nb 2]}	watt per square metre	W⋅m⁻²	M⋅T⁻³	power emitted from a surface.
Spectral radiant exitance / Spectral radiant emittance	M_eλ^{[nb 3]} or M_eν^{[nb 4]}	watt per metre³ or watt per square metre per hertz	W⋅m⁻³ or W⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹	M⋅L⁻¹⋅T⁻³ or M⋅T⁻²	power emitted from a surface per unit wavelength or frequency.
Radiosity	J_e	watt per square metre	W⋅m⁻²	M⋅T⁻³	emitted plus reflected power leaving a surface.
Spectral radiosity	J_eλ^{[nb 3]}	watt per metre³	W⋅m⁻³	M⋅L⁻¹⋅T⁻³	emitted plus reflected power leaving a surface per unit wavelength
Radiant exposure	H_e	joule per square metre	J⋅m⁻²	M⋅T⁻²	also referred to as fluence
Radiant energy density	ω_e	joule per metre³	J⋅m⁻³	M⋅L⁻¹⋅T⁻²
See also: SI · Radiometry · Photometry

↑ Standards organizations recommend that radiometric quantities should be denoted with a suffix "e" (for "energetic") to avoid confusion with photometric or photon quantities.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W or E for radiant energy, P or F for radiant flux, I for irradiance, W for radiant emittance.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Spectral quantities given per unit wavelength are denoted with suffix "λ" (Greek) to indicate a spectral concentration. Spectral functions of wavelength are indicated by "(λ)" in parentheses instead, for example in spectral transmittance, reflectance and responsivity.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Spectral quantities given per unit frequency are denoted with suffix "ν" (Greek)—not to be confused with the suffix "v" (for "visual") indicating a photometric quantity.
↑ NOAA / Space Weather Prediction Center includes a definition of the solar flux unit (SFU).

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