Racing video game

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A racing video game is a genre of video games, either in the first-person or third-person perspective, in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land, air, or sea vehicles. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings. In general, they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations, and simpler arcade racing games. Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games.

History

1970s

In 1973, Atari's Space Race was a space-themed arcade game where players controlled spaceships that race against opposing ships, while avoiding comets and meteors. It was a competitive two-player game controlled using a two-way joystick, and was presented in black and white graphics.^[1] The same year, Taito released a similar space-themed racing game Astro Race, which used an early four-way joystick.^[2]

The following year, Taito released Speed Race, an early driving racing game designed by Tomohiro Nishikado (of Space Invaders fame).^[3][4] The game's most important innovation was its introduction of scrolling graphics, specifically overhead vertical scrolling,^[5] with the course width becoming wider or narrower as the player's car moves up the road, while the player races against other rival cars, more of which appear as the score increases. It also featured an early racing wheel controller interface with an accelerator, gear shift, speedometer and tachometer. It could be played in either single-player or alternating two-player, where each player attempts to beat the other's score.^[6] The game was re-branded as Wheels by Midway Games for released in the United States and was influential on later racing games.^[5] That same year, Atari released another early car driving game in the arcades, Gran Trak 10, which presented an overhead single-screen view of the track in low resolution white on black graphics, on which the player races against the clock around a track to accumulate points; while challenging, it was not competition racing.^[7]

In 1976, Taito released Crashing Race, a simultaneous two-player competitive car racing game where each player must try to crash as many computer-controlled cars as possible to score points, and the player with the most points wins.^[8] That same year, Sega released Moto-Cross, an early black-and-white motorbike racing game, based on the motocross competition, that was most notable for introducing an early three-dimensional third-person perspective.^[9] Later that year, Sega re-branded the game as Fonz, as a tie-in for the popular sitcom, Happy Days.^[10] Both versions of the game displayed a constantly changing forward-scrolling road and the player's bike in a third-person perspective where objects nearer to the player are larger than those nearer to the horizon, and the aim was to steer the vehicle across the road, racing against the clock, while avoiding any on-coming motorcycles or driving off the road.^[9][10] The game also introduced the use of haptic feedback, which caused the motorcycle handlebars to vibrate during a collision with another vehicle.^[11] That same year also saw the release of Sega's Road Race, which also presented a three-dimensional, third-person roadside scene of the race, displaying a constantly changing forward-scrolling S-shaped road with two obstacle race cars moving along the road that the player must avoid crashing while racing against the clock.^[12] That same year, Atari's Night Driver presented a first-person view, displaying a series of posts by the edge of the road, though there was no view of the road or the player's car and the graphics were still low resolution white on black, and like Gran Trek 10, gameplay was a race against the clock.

In 1977, Micronetics released Night Racer, a first-person car racing game similar to Night Driver,^[13] while Sega released Twin Course T.T., an early simultaneous competitive two-player motorbike racing game.^[14] Road Champion, released by Taito in 1978, was an overhead-view timed car racing game where players try to race ahead of the opposing cars and cross the finish line first to become the winner.^[15] In 1979, Sega's Head On was a racing game that played like a maze chase game and is thus considered a precursor to the 1980 hit Pac-Man.^[16] Monaco GP, released by Sega in 1979,^[17] improved upon previous overhead-view racing games with a vertically scrolling view and color graphics. Another notable video game from the 1970s was The Driver, a racing-action game released by Kasco (Kansai Seiki Seisakusho Co.) that used 16 mm film to project full motion video on screen, though its gameplay had limited interaction, requiring the player to match their steering wheel, gas pedal and brakes with movements shown on screen, much like the sequences in later laserdisc video games.^[18]

1980s

In 1980, Namco's overhead-view driving game Rally-X was the first game to feature background music,^[19] and allowed scrolling in multiple directions, both vertical and horizontal, and it was possible to pull the screen quickly in either direction.^[20] It also featured an early example of a radar, to show the rally car's location on the map.^[21] Alpine Ski, released by Taito in 1981, was an early winter sports game, a vertical-scrolling racing game that involved maneuvering a skier through a downhill ski course, a slalom racing course, and a ski jumping competition.^[22] Turbo, released by Sega in 1981, was the first racing game to feature a third-person perspective, rear view format.^[23] It was also the first racing game to use sprite scaling with full-color graphics.^[24] Bump 'n' Jump, released by Data East in 1982, was a vertical-scrolling driving game where the player's car jumps or bumps enemy cars for points, while bonuses were awarded for completing levels without hitting any cars.^[25]

The most influential racing game was released in 1982: Pole Position, developed by Namco and published by Atari in North America. It was the first game to be based on a real racing circuit, and the first to feature a qualifying lap, where the player needs to complete a time trial before they can compete in Grand Prix races. While not the first third-person racing game (it was predated by Sega's Turbo), Pole Position established the conventions of the genre and its success inspired numerous imitators.^[26]

Pole Position II was released in 1983 and featured improvements, such as giving the player the choice of different race courses as well as more colourful landscapes lined with advertising bill-boards.^[27] TX-1, developed by Tatsumi in 1983, TX-1 ^[28] was licensed to Namco,^[29] who in turn licensed it to Atari in America,^[29] thus the game is considered a successor to Pole Position II.^[29] TX-1, however, placed a greater emphasis on realism, with details such as forcing players to brake or downshift the gear during corners to avoid the risk of losing control, and let go of the accelerator when going into a skid in order to regain control of the steering. It was also the first car driving game to use force feedback technology, which caused the steering wheel to vibrate, and the game also featured a unique three-screen arcade display for a more three-dimensional perspective of the track. It also introduced nonlinear gameplay by allowing players to choose which path to drive through after each checkpoint, eventually leading to one of eight possible final destinations.^[29]

Change Lanes, released by Taito in 1983, was a third-person racer where the player's car had fuel that reduces while driving, thus the driver must pick-up fuel cells to get a refuel at each checkpoint, while crashing into cars or obstacles would slow down the car and further reduce its fuel. If the fuel runs out, the game would end.^[30] That same year, Kaneko produced Roller Aces, an early roller skating racer played from a third-person perspective,^[31] while Irem released MotoRace USA, an early partially third-person motorbike racer,^[32] where the player travels across the US and refuels at various cities along the way, while avoiding crashes that can cause a substantial loss of fuel, causing the game to end if the fuel is depleted.^[33] An early attempt at creating a home driving simulator was Tomy's Turnin' Turbo Dashboard, also released in 1983. It was the first home video game to feature a racing wheel controller.^[34]

In 1984, several early racing laserdisc video games were released, including Sega's GP World^[35] and Taito's Laser Grand Prix^[36] which featured live-action footage, Universal's Top Gear featuring 3D animated race car driving,^[37] and Taito's Cosmos Circuit, featuring animated futuristic racing.^[38] Taito also released Kick Start, a fully third-person motorbike racing game,^[39] and Buggy Challenge, an early dirt track racing game featuring a buggy.^[40] Other early dirt racing games from that year were dirt bike games: Nintendo's Excitebike^[41] and SNK's motocross game Jumping Cross,^[42] both played from a side-scrolling view. SNK also released Gladiator 1984, an early horse racing game,^[43] and Mad Crasher, an early futuristic racing game, where the player drives a futuristic motorbike along diagonal-scrolling futuristic roads suspended in mid-air, while leaping across gaps, shooting other cars, and getting bonuses and power-ups.^[44] Another racing game that involved shooting that year was Nichibutsu's Seicross, where the player rides a motorcycle-like craft, bumps other riders, collects power modules and shoots blue coins.^[45] Other notable arcade releases that year include Konami's Road Fighter, a vertical-scrolling racer where the aim is to drive fast, pass cars and avoid accidents for maximum points, while reaching check points before running out of fuel;^[46] and Irem's The Battle-Road, an early open-ended vehicle combat racing game that featured branching paths and up to 32 possible routes.^[47] Another unique take on the genre that year was Plazma Line, a first-person space racing game that is considered the first computer game with 3D polygon graphics. The objective of the game is to race through outer space in a first-person view while avoiding obstacles (rendered in 3D polygons) along the way. It also featured an automap radar to keep track of the player's position.^[48]

Racing games in general tend to drift toward the arcade side of reality, mainly due to hardware limitations, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. It is, however, untrue to say that there were no games considered simulations in their time. In 1984, Geoff Crammond, who later developed the Grandprix series (Known collectively as GPX to its fanbase), produced what is considered the first attempt at a racing simulator on a home system, REVS, released for the BBC Microcomputer. The game offered an unofficial (and hence with no official team or driver names associated with the series) recreation of British Formula 3. The hardware capabilities limited the depth of the simulation and restricted it (initially) to one track, but it offered a semi-realistic driving experience with more detail than most other racing games at the time.^[49]

In 1985, Sega released Hang-On, a popular Grand Prix style rear-view motorbike racer,^[50] considered the first full-body-experience video game,^[51] and was regarded as the first motorbike simulator for its realism at the time, in both the handling of the player's motorbike and the artificial intelligence of the computer-controlled motorcyclists.^[50] It used force feedback technology and was also one of the first arcade games to use 16-bit graphics and Sega's "Super Scaler" technology that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates.^[52] That same year, Jaleco released City Connection, a platform-racer where cops chase the player around different cities in the US, UK, France, Japan and India.^[53]

In 1986, Durell released Turbo Esprit, which had an official Lotus license, and featured working car indicator lights. Also in 1986, Sega produced Out Run, one of the most graphically impressive games of its time. It used two Motorola 68000 CPUs for its 2D sprite-based driving engine, and it became an instant classic that spawned many sequels. It was notable for giving the player the non-linear choice of which route to take through the game and the choice of soundtrack to listen to while driving,^[54] represented as radio stations. The game also featured up to five multiple endings depending on the route taken, and each one was an ending sequence rather than a simple "Congratulations" as was common in game endings at the time.^[55] That same year, Konami's WEC Le Mans was a race driving simulator that attempted to accurately simulate the 24 Hours of Le Mans competition, with fairly realistic handling, a day-night cycle, and the use of force feedback to simulate road vibration in the form of a vibrating steering wheel that reacts to the driver's acceleration and off-road bumps.^[56]

In 1987, Namco produced Final Lap,^[57] the unofficial sequel to Pole Position II. Final Lap was the first arcade game that allowed multiple machines to be linked, allowing for multiplayer races, with up to eight players in total.^[57] It was also arguably the first racing game to implement "rubber banding" to ensure that less talented players were never too far behind the leader, a concept that would be taken much further by the Mario Kart series.^[58] Also in 1987, Square released Rad Racer, one of the first stereoscopic 3D games.^[59] In the same year, Atari produced RoadBlasters, a driving game that also involved a bit of shooting.

In 1988, Taito released Chase H.Q., a unique racing game where the player drives a police car that must chase criminals within a time limit.^[60] CBS Sony released Paris-Dakar Rally Special, an imaginative racing game with platformer and action-adventure elements, featuring Dakar Rally cars that could fire bullets, the driver able to exit the car and go exploring to lower a bridge or bypass other obstacles, underwater driving sections, and at times having avoid a fleet of tanks and fighter jets.^[61] That same year, Namco released an early 3D racing game in the arcades, Winning Run.^[62]

In 1989, Atari released Hard Drivin', another arcade driving game that used 3D polygonal graphics. It also featured force feedback, where the wheel fights the player during aggressive turns, and a crash replay camera view. That same year, the now defunct Papyrus Design Group produced their first attempt at a racing simulator, the critically acclaimed Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, designed by David Kaemmer and Omar Khudari. The game is generally regarded as the first true auto racing simulation on a personal computer. Accurately replicating the 1989 Indianapolis 500 grid, it offered advanced 3D graphics for its time, setup options, car failures and handling. Unlike most other racing games at the time, Indianapolis 500 attempted to simulate realistic physics and telemetry, such as its portrayal of the relationship between the four contact patches and the pavement, as well as the loss of grip when making a high-speed turn, forcing the player to adopt a proper racing line and believable throttle-to-brake interaction. It also featured a garage facility to allow players to enact modifications to their vehicle, including adjustments to the tires, shocks and wings.^[49] The damage modelling, while not accurate by today's standards, was capable of producing some spectacular and entertaining pile-ups

1990s

Crammond's Formula One Grand Prix in 1992 became the new champion of sim racing, until the release of Papyrus' IndyCar Racing the following year.^[63] Formula One Grand Prix boasted detail that was unparalleled for a computer game at the time as well as a full recreation of the drivers, cars and circuits of the 1991 Formula One World Championship. However, the U.S. version (known as World Circuit) was not granted an official license by the FIA, so teams and drivers were renamed (though all could be changed back to their real names using the Driver/Team selection menu): Ayrton Senna became "Carlos Sanchez", for example.

On the other end of the spectrum, Sega produced Virtua Racing in 1992. While not the first arcade racing game with 3D graphics (it was predated by Winning Run, Hard Drivin' and Stunts), it was able to combine the best features of games at the time, along with multiplayer machine linking and clean 3D graphics to produce a game that was above and beyond the arcade market standard of its time, laying the foundations for subsequent 3D racing games.^[64] Also, Nintendo broke new ground by introducing the Mario Kart series on the SNES with Super Mario Kart. Using the familiar characters from the Mario franchise, the game not only departed from the realism paradigm by using small karts for the players to drive, but also featured bright, colourful environments and allowed the players to pick up power-ups to improve performance or hamper other racers. This franchise also spawned multiple sequels.

In 1993, Namco struck back with Ridge Racer, and thus began the polygonal war of driving games. Sega struck back that same year with Daytona USA, one of the first video games to feature filtered, texture-mapped polygons, giving it the most detailed graphics yet seen in a video game up until that time.^[65] The following year, Electronic Arts produced The Need for Speed, which would later spawn the world's most successful racing game series and one of the top ten most successful video game series overall. In the same year, Midway introduced Crusin' USA.

In 1994,are created The Need for Speed 1.

In 1995, Sega Rally Championship introduced rally racing and featured cooperative gameplay alongside the usual competitive multiplayer.^[66] Sega Rally was also the first to feature driving on different surfaces (including asphalt, gravel, and mud) with different friction properties and the car's handling changing accordingly, making it an important milestone in the genre.^[67] I

In 1996, Konami introduced GTI Club which allowed free roaming of the environment, something of a revolution that had only been done in 3D before in Hard Drivin'. Atari didn't join the 3D craze until 1997, when it introduced San Francisco Rush.

In 1997, Gran Turismo was released for the PlayStation, after being in production for five years since 1992.^[68] It was considered the most realistic racing simulation game in its time,^[69] combined with playability, enabling players of all skill levels to play. It offered a wealth of meticulous tuning options and introduced an open-ended career mode where players had to undertake driving tests to acquire driving licenses, earn their way into races and choose their own career path.^[69] The Gran Turismo series has since become the second-most successful racing game franchise of all time, selling over 61.41 million units worldwide.^[70]

By 1997, the typical PC was capable of matching an arcade machine in terms of graphical quality, mainly due to the introduction of first generation 3D accelerators such as 3DFX Voodoo. The faster CPUs were capable of simulating increasingly realistic physics, car control, and graphics.

Colin McRae Rally was introduced in 1998 to the PC world, and was a successful semi-simulation of the world of rally driving, previously only available in the less serious Sega Rally Championship. Motorhead, a PC game, was later adapted back to arcade.

1999 marked a change of games into more "free form" worlds. Midtown Madness for the PC allows the player to explore a simplified version of the city of Chicago using a variety of vehicles and any path that they desire. In the arcade world, Sega introduced Crazy Taxi, a sandbox racing game where you are a taxi driver that needed to get the client to the destination in the shortest amount of time.^[71] A similar game also from Sega is Emergency Ambulance Driver, with almost the same gameplay (pick up patient, drop off at hospital, as fast as possible). Games are becoming more and more realistic visually. Some arcade games are now featuring 3 screens to provide a surround view.

2000s

In 2000, Angel Studios (now Rockstar San Diego) introduced the first free-roaming, or the former "free form", racing game on video game consoles and handheld game consoles with Midnight Club: Street Racing which released on the PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. The game allowed the player to drive anywhere around virtual recreations of London and New York. Instead of using enclosed tracks for races, the game uses various checkpoints on the free roam map as the pathway of the race, giving the player the option to take various shortcuts or any other route to the checkpoints of the race.

In 2003, Rockstar San Diego's Midnight Club II was the first racing game to feature both playable cars and playable motorcycles.

There is a wide gamut of driving games ranging from simple action-arcade racers like Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (for Nintendo GameCube) and Nick Toon Racers to ultra-realistic simulators like Grand Prix Legends, iRacing, Virtual Grand Prix 3, Live for Speed, NetKar Pro, GT Legends, GTR2, rFactor, X Motor Racing and iPad 3D racer 'Exhilarace' —and everything in between.

General genres

Arcade racers

Arcade style racing games put fun and a fast-paced experience above all else, as cars usually compete in unique ways. A key feature of arcade racers that specifically distinguishes them from simulation racers is their far more liberal physics. Whereas in real racing (and subsequently, the simulation equivalents) the driver must reduce their speed significantly to take most turns, arcade racing games generally encourage the player to "powerslide" the car to allow the player to keep up their speed by drifting through a turn. Collisions with other racers, track obstacles, or traffic vehicles is usually much more exaggerated than simulation racers as well. For the most part, arcade racers simply remove the precision and rigor required from the simulation experience and focus strictly on the racing element itself. They often license real cars and leagues, but are equally open to more exotic settings and vehicles. Races take place on highways, windy roads, or in cities; they can be multiple-lap circuits or point-to-point, with one or multiple paths (sometimes with checkpoints), or other types of competition, like demolition derby, jumping, or testing driving skills. Popular arcade racers are the Virtua Racing series, the Daytona USA series, the Rush, the Ridge Racer series, the Cruis'n Series, the Midnight Club series, the Burnout series, and Out Run.

During the mid-late 2000s there was a trend of new street racing; imitating the import scene, one can tune sport compacts and sports cars and race them on the streets. The most widely known ones are the Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition and the Midnight Club series, Need for Speed series, and the Juiced series.

Some arcade racing games increase the competition between racers by adding weapons that can be used against opponents to slow them down or otherwise impede their progress so they can be passed. This is a staple feature in "kart racing" games, such as the Mario Kart series, but this kind of gameplay also appears in standard, car-based racing games as well. Weapons can range from projectile attacks to traps as well as non-combative items like speed boosts. Weapon-based racing games include games such as Full Auto, Rumble Racing, and Blur.

Racing simulators

Simulation style racing games strive to convincingly replicate the handling of an automobile. They often license real cars or racing leagues, but will sometimes use fantasy cars built to resemble real ones if unable to acquire an official license for them. Vehicular behavior physics are a key factor in the experience. The rigors of being a professional race driver are usually also included (such as having to deal with a car's tire condition and fuel level). Proper cornering technique and precision racing maneuvers (such as trail braking) are given priority in the simulation racing games.

Although these racing simulators are specifically built for people with a high grade of driving skill, it is not uncommon to find aids that can be enabled from the game menu. The most common aids are traction control (TC), anti-lock brakes (ABS), steering assistance, damage resistance, clutch assistance and automatic gear changes. Racing simulators are usually piloted exclusively from the interior driving view, as driving views from a perspective other than the driver's are considered arcade.

Some of these racing simulators are customizable, as game fans have decoded the tracks, cars and executable files. Internet communities have grown around the simulators regarded as the most realistic and many websites host internet championships.

Examples of racing game sub-genres

Off-road

In a car racing game, the primary gameplay mode is driving the car. However, they sometimes offer a secondary mode for tuning up the car.^[72] There are various principles in winning car racing games, some of which apply to real life situations while most are unique to the game itself.

Simulation-style racing games

Racing games that are more focused on realism.

Category:Racing simulators

Semi-simulation-style racing games

These games are neither simulators nor arcade racers; they stand in the middle of the spectrum.

Arcade-style racing games

Racing games that are not focused on realism.

Street racing games Blur Cruis'n (series) Midnight Club (series) Juiced (series) LA Street Racing (Overspeed) Metropolis Street Racer (Dreamcast) Rush (series) Midtown Madness (series) Need For Speed (series) Test Drive (series) Street Racing Syndicate Driver (series) Sports games Event racing Game related to sports events. 1080° Snowboarding series Amped series ATV series Transworld series Exaggerated sports racing Game related to exaggerated sports. Cool Boarders series Trickstyle SSX Stunts Pure Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket-Powered Battle-Cars (PlayStation Network Release) TrackMania (series) Trials Evolution and other games in the Trials series FlatOut (series): the special stunting events in these games. Monster truck racing games To date, Monster Truck Madness is the only monster truck racing game that adds some simulation aspects, such as drag racing. The rest of the games are based either on car crush racing or vehicular combat. Monster 4x4: Masters of Metal (USHRA Monster Jam) Monster 4x4: World Circuit Monster Jam (Maximum Destruction, Urban Assault) series (USHRA Monster Jam) Monster Truck Madness series (PENDA Point Series) Monster Trux Extreme: Offroad Edition Monster Trux: Arenas Thunder Truck Rally Truck racing games Insane (2001 video game) Baja: Edge of Control Excite Truck (off-road truck racing) Euro Truck Simulator (trucking in Europe) Hard Truck and Hard Truck II Super Trucks Racing Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing Motorcycle racing games Excitebike MotoGP '07 Moto Racer Superbike 2001 Road Rash Test Drive Cycles Tourist Trophy SBK-09: Superbike World Championship Kart racing games Kart racers, popularized by (and often credited to) the Mario Kart series, are a style of racing game that introduces the ability to pick up items during the race, and use them to boost one's performance in a race, or to attack other players and hamper their progress. Like arcade racers, kart racers feature simple racing physics and imaginative environments to race in. The terminology itself was taken from go-kart racing. Ayrton Senna Kart Duel (series) Blur Chocobo Racing Club Kart Crash Nitro Kart Crash Team Racing Diddy Kong Racing (Kart, hovercraft, and plane racing) Diddy Kong Racing DS (Kart, hovercraft, and plane racing) Digimon Racing Donkey Kong Barrel Blast Jak X: Combat Racing Kirby Air Ride Lego Racers Lego Racers 2 LittleBigPlanet Karting Looney Tunes Racing Mario Kart Mickey's Speedway USA ModNation Racers NASCAR Kart Racing Nicktoons Racing PocketBike Racer Scrap Metal (Xbox Live/Game-Room Arcade) Sonic Drift Sonic Drift 2 Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing Star Wars: Super Bombad Racing Supertuxkart TuxKart Wacky Races Wacky Wheels Water racing games Racing that takes place on the ocean, in the sea and on other water-based arenas. Jetski racing games Jet Moto series Splashdown (video game) Wave Race Carve Off-road racing games Off-road racing is a format of racing where various classes of specially modified vehicles (including cars, trucks, motorcycles, dirt bike, ORVs and buggies) compete in races completely through off-road environments, such as 2-D and 3-D rally racing games. 4x4 Evolution series Baja series Big Run (arcade) Dakar series Colin McRae's Dirt series Fuel Jeremy Mccrath's Off-road motorsport racing Off-road Drive Motor Storm series Nail'd Pure Sega Rally series V-Rally series World Rally Championship series Stunt racing Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket-Powered Battle-Cars for PlayStation Network Stunts Stunt GP 2000 for Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 Re-Volt Rush series Futuristic racing games With science fiction settings, these games take an abstract view to racing and may feature abstract vehicles such as hoverbikes and race in alien environments. Without having to follow physical laws, the races and vehicles can move with tremendous speeds. Category:Futuristic racing games Racing role playing games Racing games that incorporate the elements of a RPG, such as character attributes and levels. Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano Blur (video game) Drift City Need for Speed: World Final Lap Twin Gran Turismo 5 Racing Lagoon Forza Motorsport Test Drive Unlimited 2 Mission-based racing games Racing games feature the players' goal to not race around the tracks by going on a number of laps, but to pick up passengers to take them to somewhere they want to go or to carry things to somewhere. Chrash into someone, or blow up someone. 007 Racing is the sole mission based racing game, in the James Bond series, while several other Bond games includes elements of racing missions such as Everything or Nothing, alongside first or third person shooting missions. Crazy Taxi Series 007 Racing Vehicular combat games Main article: Vehicular combat game In these games, gameplay is mostly focused on the combat aspect of driving games, having vehicles equipped with weapons used to attack opponents (or the vehicle itself is a weapon). Twisted Metal See also List of racing video games References ↑ Space Race at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Astro Race at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Chris Kohler (2005), Power-up: how Japanese video games gave the world an extra life, p. 16, BradyGames, ISBN 978-0-7440-0424-3 ↑ "Interview: 'Space Invaders' creator Tomohiro Nishikado". USA Today. May 6, 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-22.  ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton (2009), Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time, p. 197, Focal Press, ISBN 978-0-240-81146-8 ↑ Speed Race at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ "Gran Trak 10". The Arcade Flyer Archive. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-07-09.  ↑ Crashing Race at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ 9.0 9.1 Moto-Cross at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fonz at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, p. 39, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-33868-7 ↑ Road Race at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ "Night Racer". The Arcade Flyer Archive. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-07-09.  ↑ Twin Course T.T. at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Road Champion at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Forgotten Gems of the Maze Chase Genre, The Next Level ↑ System16 Hardware: DISCRETE LOGIC HARDWARE ↑ The Driver at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Gaming's Most Important Evolutions (Page 2), GamesRadar ↑ Gaming's Most Important Evolutions (Page 3), GamesRadar ↑ Rally-X at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Alpine Ski at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Turbo at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ IGN Presents the History of SEGA, IGN ↑ Bump 'n' Jump at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time, Focal Press, pp. 195–6, ISBN 0-240-81146-1  ↑ Pole Position II at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ "TX-1". The Arcade Flyer Archive. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-07-09.  ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 TX-1 at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Change Lanes at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Fighting Roller at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Traverse USA at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ MotoRace USA at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ The top ten retro gaming secrets: Steering wheel controllers are older than you think, CNET.com ↑ GP World at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Laser Grand Prix at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Gear GP World at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Cosmos Circuit at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Kick Start at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Buggy Challenge at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Excitebike at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Jumping Cross at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Gladiator 1984 at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Mad Crasher at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Seicross at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Road Fighter at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Battle-Road, The at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ "Plazma Line". Oh!FM. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.  ↑ 49.0 49.1 "The History of Papyrus Racing - Page 2". Gamespot. Retrieved 2008-04-07.  ↑ 50.0 50.1 Hang On at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ GameCenter CX - 2nd Season, Episode 13 ↑ IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War, IGN ↑ Cruisin at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Racing video game at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Gazza, Brian. "Outrun". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2011-03-17.  ↑ WEC Le Mans 24 at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ 57.0 57.1 Final Lap at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Gifford, Kevin (March 16, 2011). "Final Lap Twin". MagWeasel. Retrieved 28 April 2012.  ↑ James Cameron: True 3D Gaming Is the Future, Already in Upcoming Avatar Game, Shacknews ↑ Chase H.Q. at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ Paris-Dakar Rally Special, Gamasutra ↑ Winning Run at the Killer List of Videogames ↑ "The History of Papyrus Racing - Page 3". Gamespot. Retrieved 2011-01-30.  ↑ "Virtua Racing--Arcade (1992)". 15 Most Influential Games of All Time. GameSpot. 2001. Retrieved 12 April 2012.  ↑ IGN Presents the History of SEGA: Reap What You Sow, IGN ↑ "Top 25 Racing Games... Ever! Part 2". Retro Gamer. 21 September 2009. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2011-03-17.  ↑ Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, 2009, p. 103, ISBN 978-1-904994-45-9  ↑ Gran Turismo's creator takes a fifth stab at a perfect racing game | VentureBeat ↑ 69.0 69.1 The Greatest Games of All Time: Gran Turismo, GameSpot ↑ "http://www.gtplanet.net/5-5-million-copies-of-gt5-sold-series-tops-60-million/". Sony Computer Entertainment. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-10.  ↑ "Top 25 Racing Games... Ever! Part 1". Retro Gamer. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-17.  ↑ Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). Fundamentals of Game Design. Prentice Hall.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help) v t e Video game genres Action Beat 'em up Fighting game Maze Pac-Man clone Platform game Shooter game First-person Light gun Shoot 'em up Tactical Third-person Action-adventure Grand Theft Auto clone Stealth game Survival horror Adventure Dating sim Bishōjo Eroge Otome Graphic adventure Escape the room Interactive fiction Interactive movie Visual novel Role-playing game Action role-playing game Roguelike MUD MMORPG Tactical role-playing game Simulation Construction and management Business City Government Life simulation Dating sim Digital pet God game Social simulation Sports game Strategy 4X Real-time strategy MOBA Tower defense Real-time tactics Tactical RPG Turn-based strategy Turn-based tactics Artillery Wargame Vehicle simulation Driving simulator Flight simulator Amateur Combat Space Racing game Sim racing Submarine simulator Train simulator Vehicular combat Other genres Breakout clone Exergame Music Rhythm Non-game Party Programming Puzzle Sokoban Tile-matching Related concepts Art game Audio game Casual game Christian game Clone game Crossover game Cult game Dungeon crawl FMV Hack and slash Indie game Minigame Nonlinear gameplay Open world Online game Browser game MMOG Social network game Serious game Advergame Edugame