Race Across America

The Race Across America, or RAAM, is an ultramarathon bicycle race across the United States that started in 1982 as the Great American Bike Race.

RAAM is among the best-known and longest annual endurance events in the world. All entrants must prove their abilities by competing in any of several qualifying events, completing a course within a specified time period. RAAM is sanctioned by the UltraMarathon Cycling Association (UMCA).^[1]

RAAM has been compared to the Tour de France, but the races differ to a great extent. The courses of both races have varied over the years. However, in the Race Across America, the direction has always been from the west coast to the east coast of the United States, approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 km), making it a transcontinental event. More importantly, the race has no stages, i.e., it is in principle a nonstop event from start to finish, with the fastest competitors needing slightly over a week to complete the course. By contrast, the Tour de France features a different route each year (alternating between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits around France) and is about 2,300 miles long; the distance is divided into individual daily stages spread over the course of about 3 weeks and contested at much higher speeds.

Lon Haldeman, John Howard, Michael Shermer, and founder John Marino

Seana Hogan being honored at the 2011 Race Across America. Pictured left is current race director George Thomas

History

Michael Shermer

The first incarnation of RAAM, The Great American Bike Race, was organized by John Marino in 1982. There were four competitors: John Marino himself, John Howard, Michael Shermer, and Lon Haldeman. The course started in Santa Monica, California and finished at the Empire State Building in New York City, where Haldeman emerged as the winner.

Results of the 1982 race:

Finish	Winner	Home	Time	Average Speed
1	Lon Haldeman	Harvard, IL	9d 20h 02m	12.57 mph
2	John Howard	Houston, TX	10d 10h 59m	11.83 mph
3	Michael Shermer	Tustin, CA	10d 19h 54m	11.42 mph
4	John Marino	Irvine, CA	12d 07h 37m	10.04 mph

After the first year, the name of the event changed to Race Across America, and participation became subject to qualification rather than invitation. The concept caught on and the event grew larger year after year, with riders from around the world showing up to compete. The race was televised on ABC's Wide World of Sports through 1986. In 1989, team divisions were added to introduce new elements of technology and strategy: a category for HPVs and faired bikes resulted in record speeds, and a four-man team division^[2] gave racers the option of riding together or taking turns, allowing them to balance higher speeds against longer rest periods.

In 2006 the race format changed significantly with the addition of a Solo Enduro division, in which riders were obliged to rest off the bike for a total of 40 hours at specified points across the country. The 40 hours were to be deducted from a rider's total time at the end of the race. These changes were made to improve safety and shift the emphasis to long-distance riding speed and away from the capacity to endure sleep deprivation. Because the intention was to phase out the traditional format, it was announced that henceforth the official RAAM champion would be the winner of the Solo Enduro division. In the first year the winner was 50-year old Jonathan Boyer, who had won the fourth edition of RAAM twenty-one years earlier. However, interest in the Enduro format rapidly faded among riders, and the division was soon eliminated. The official RAAM champion is now the winner of the Solo Traditional division, which simply measures total elapsed time from west coast to east coast.

In addition to races across the full span of the United States, shorter races with a similar format have been included within RAAM; among these are a 24-hour version and the Race Across the West (RAW), typically ending in Durango, Colorado.

The solo division of the most recent (2013) race began on June 11 in Oceanside, California; teams started on June 15. The finish line was once again in Annapolis, Maryland.

Participants expect to ride around the clock. The leaders will average 1.5 hours sleep per day

Competitors don't stop unless absolutely necessary even when nature calls

The race has been held in many different divisions over the years. In 2008, for example, these were:

• RAAM: Solo Female
• RAAM: Solo Male
• RAAM: Solo Male (50–59)
• RAAM: Solo Male (60–69)
• RAAM: Solo Male - Recumbent (50–59)
• RAAM: Two-Person Male
• RAAM: Two-Person Male (50–59)
• RAAM: Two-Person Mixed
• RAAM: Four Person Male
• RAAM: Four Person Male (50–59)
• RAAM: Four Person Male (60–69)
• RAAM: Four Person Female
• RAAM: Four Person Female (50–59)
• RAAM: Four Person Mixed
• RAAM: Four Person Mixed (50–59)
• RAAM: Eight Person
• Race Across the West: Solo Male
• Race Across the West: Solo Male (50–59)
• Race Across the West: Solo Female
• Race Across the West: Two-Person Mixed (50–59)
• Race Across the West: Four-Person Male
• 24 Hour: Four-Person Female
• 24 Hour: Eight Person

Fatalities and injuries

Jure Robič after winning the 2007 race

There have been two fatalities in the race's history. In 2003, team rider Brett Malin was killed when he was hit by an 18-wheel tractor-trailer outside Pie Town, New Mexico.^[3] In 2005, solo participant Bob Breedlove was killed in a collision with an oncoming vehicle near Trinidad, Colorado. Details are lacking because he was by himself (his support crew was a few miles behind) and the only witnesses were in the vehicle that collided with him. Outside magazine investigated the crash in its November 2006 issue.^[4]

On June 16, 2010, participant Diego Ballesteros Cucurull of Spain was critically injured when he was struck by a car near Wichita, Kansas.^[5] A little less than one month later, Ballesteros was home in Spain and undergoing rehabilitation. He is paralyzed from the waist down, but hopes to walk again one day.^[6][7] A similar fate befell Canadian cyclist Wayne Phillips in 1985, when he was struck by a hit-and-run driver in New Mexico.^[8]

Race structure

As noted above, unlike most multi-day bicycle races such as the Tour de France, RAAM has no stages, i.e., there is no specified distance to travel each day. Also, with the abandonment of the Enduro concept, there are no designated rest periods for food and sleep, and in fact sleep is optional. The clock runs continuously from start to finish as in a time trial, and the final overall finish time includes rest periods. Thus, the winner is the rider who can best combine fast riding with short and infrequent stops. The winner usually finishes in eight to nine days, after riding approximately 22 hours per day through the varied terrain of the United States. The addition of the 8-person team division has enabled finish times of slightly over five days.^[9] Each racer or team has a support crew that follows in vehicles to provide food, water, mechanical repairs and medical aid. During the night, a vehicle with flashing lights is required to follow each rider to ensure safety.

Having to ride continuously for days with little to no sleep puts this event in the ultramarathon category. The continuous physical output places considerable strain on the competitors as well as their support crews. As many as 50% of solo participants drop out due to exhaustion or for medical reasons. In addition, the race takes place on open roads, forcing participants to deal with sometimes dangerous traffic conditions. This represents another major difference between RAAM and more traditional bicycle road races.

Records

Because the course has varied, performances from different years are not entirely comparable. Records are usually expressed in terms of average speed, not total time, to account in part for differences in course length. For many years, the fastest men's speed was by Pete Penseyres in 1986, when he rode 3,107 miles (5,000 km) at an average of 15.40 mph (24.78 km/h).^[9] This record was finally broken in 2013 by Christoph Strasser, who rode 2,993 miles (4,817 km) at 15.68 mph (25.23 km/h). The fastest woman was Seana Hogan in 1995, who averaged 13.23 mph (21.29 km/h) over 2,912 miles (4,686 km).

For many years, the shortest elapsed time for a solo crossing of the United States was outside of an official RAAM, by Michael Secrest in 1990, in 7 days, 23 hours, and 16 minutes. This record was narrowly broken in 2013 by RAAM winner Christoph Strasser, who had an elapsed time of 7:22:52 (over a course 78 miles (126 km) longer).

The all-time record holder for solo RAAM victories is the late Jure Robič of Slovenia, who won the race five times. He was killed in September 2010 in a collision with a car while training for the Crocodile Trophy, the endurance mountain bike race held annually in Australia. He was the RAAM title-holder at the time of his death.

In its traditional form, RAAM is a solo competitor event – a non-stop individual time trial. As noted above, this idea was generalized in 1989 with the creation of the new HPV (Human Powered Vehicle) category;^[2] race organizers called this the Human Powered Vehicle Race Across America. HPV RAAM was slated as a platform for technology advancement in cycling aerodynamics and human powered propulsion, but it also paved the way for more team competitions thereafter. Favored to win, Team Gold Rush led most of the way but did not finish. First, second and third places went to Team Lightning, Team Cronos and Team Strawberry, respectively. Team Lightning set the overall fastest RAAM time of 5:01:08 (over a relatively short course), a record which still stands over 2 decades later.^[10] In later years team members could ride together to take advantage of drafting, so speeds improved, but in the 1989 race there could only be one rider on the road at a time.

Team Action Sports from Bakersfield, CA established the record for the four person male division in 2004. The team, whose members were Nathaniel Faulkner, Kerry Ryan, Sean Nealy, and William Innes, averaged 23.06 mph (37.11 km/h) to complete the 2,959 miles (4,762 km) in 5:08:17. The record for an eight-person team was established by Allied Forces - Team 4Mil/Strategic Lions in 2013. This squad of riders completed 2,993 miles (4,817 km) in 5:03:45, for an average speed of 24.19 mph (38.93 km/h).

List of overall winners

This is an all-time list of winners of Race Across America in the Men's Solo Traditional category.^[9]

Year	Winner	Nationality	Route	Miles	Km	Time	Mph	Km/h
1982	Lon Haldeman	United States	Santa Monica Pier, CA to Empire State Building, NY	align="right"|2,968	4,777	9 days 20 h 02 min	align="right"|12.57	20.23
1983	Lon Haldeman	United States	Santa Monica Pier, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,170	5,100	10 days 16 h 29 min	align="right"|12.36	19.89
1984	Pete Penseyres	United States	Huntington Beach, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,047	4,904	9 days 13 h 13 min	align="right"|13.29	21.39
1985	Jonathan Boyer	United States	Huntington Beach, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,120	5,020	9 days 02 h 06 min	align="right"|14.31	23.03
1986	Pete Penseyres	United States	Huntington Beach, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,107	5,000	8 days 09 h 47 min	align="right"|15.40	24.78
1987	Michael Secrest	United States	San Francisco, CA to Washington Monument, DC	align="right"|3,127	5,032	9 days 11 h 35 min	align="right"|13.74	22.11
1988	Franz Spilauer	Austria	San Francisco, CA to Washington Monument, DC	align="right"|3,073	4,946	9 days 07 h 09 min	align="right"|13.77	22.16
1989	Paul Solon	United States	Fairgrounds, Irvine, CA to Battery Park, NY City, NY	align="right"|2,911	4,685	8 days 08 h 45 min	align="right"|14.50	23.34
1990	Bob Fourney	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,930	4,720	8 days 11 h 26 min	align="right"|14.40	23.17
1991	Bob Fourney	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,930	4,720	8 days 16 h 44 min	align="right"|14.04	22.60
1992	Rob Kish	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,911	4,685	8 days 03 h 11 min	align="right"|14.91	24.00
1993	Gerry Tatrai	Australia	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,910	4,680	8 days 20 h 19 min	align="right"|13.71	22.06
1994	Rob Kish	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,901	4,669	8 days 14 h 25 min	align="right"|14.05	22.61
1995	Rob Kish	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,912	4,686	8 days 19 h 59 min	align="right"|13.74	22.11
1996	Daniel Chew	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,905	4,675	8 days 07 h 14 min	align="right"|14.58	23.46
1997	Wolfgang Fasching	Austria	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|3,025	4,868	9 days 04 h 50 min	align="right"|13.70	22.05
1998	Gerry Tatrai	Australia	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,906	4,677	8 days 11 h 22 min	align="right"|14.29	23.00
1999	Danny Chew	United States	Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA	align="right"|2,938	4,728	8 days 7 h 34 min	align="right"|14.72	23.69
2000	Wolfgang Fasching	Austria	Portland, Oregon to Pensacola Beach, Florida	align="right"|2,975.1	4,788.0	8 days 10 h 19 min	align="right"|14.71	23.67
2001	Andrea Clavadetscher	Liechtenstein	Portland, Oregon to Pensacola Beach, Florida	align="right"|2,983.2	4,801.0	9 days 00 h 17 min	align="right"|13.79	22.19
2002	Wolfgang Fasching	Austria	Portland, Oregon to Pensacola Beach, Florida	align="right"|2,991.9	4,815.0	9 days 03 h 38 min	align="right"|13.62	21.92
2003	Allen Larsen	United States	San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|2,921.7	4,702.0	8 days 23 h 36 min	align="right"|13.55	21.81
2004	Jure Robič	Slovenia	San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|2,958.5	4,761.2	8 days 09 h 51 min	align="right"|14.66	23.59
2005	Jure Robič	Slovenia	San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,051.7	4,911.2	9 days 8 h 48 min	align="right"|13.58	21.85
2006	Daniel Wyss	Switzerland	Oceanside, CA to Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,042.8	4,896.9	9 days 11 h 50 min	align="right"|13.36	21.50
2007	Jure Robič	Slovenia	Oceanside, CA to Atlantic City, NJ	align="right"|3,042.8	4,896.9	8 days 19 h 33 min	align="right"|14.38	23.14
2008	Jure Robič	Slovenia	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|3,014.4	4,851.2	8 days 23 h 33 min	align="right"|13.98	22.50
2009	Daniel Wyss	Switzerland	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|3,021.3	4,862.3	8 days 5 h 45 min	align="right"|15.28	24.59
2010	Jure Robič	Slovenia	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|3,005.1	4,836.2	9 days 1 h 1 min	align="right"|13.85	22.29
2011	Christoph Strasser	Austria	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|2,989.5	4,811.1	8 days 8 h 6 min	align="right"|14.94	24.04
2012	Reto Schoch	Switzerland	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|2,989.5	4,811.1	8 days 6 h 29 min	align="right"|15.06	24.24
2013	Christoph Strasser	Austria	Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD	align="right"|2,993.3	4,817.2	7 days 22 h 52 min	align="right"|15.68	25.23

References

External links

• Race Across America
• Race Across America records
• "Bicycle Dreams", a 2009 documentary on the race