Kiryat Arba

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Kiryat Arba
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • Hebrew קִרְיַת ־אַרְבַּע
 • ISO 259 Qiryat ʔarbaˁ
 • Also spelled Qiryat Arba (official)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabic قرية أربع

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Kiryat Arba
Coordinates: 31°31′42″N 35°7′7″E / 31.52833°N 35.11861°E / 31.52833; 35.11861Coordinates: 31°31′42″N 35°7′7″E / 31.52833°N 35.11861°E / 31.52833; 35.11861
Region West Bank
District Judea and Samaria Area
Founded 1968–1971
Government
 • Type Local council
Area
 • Total 4,386 dunams (4.386 km2 or 1.693 sq mi)
Population (2012)
 • Total 7,593
Name meaning Town of the Four [Giants]

Kiryat Arba or Qiryat Arba (קִרְיַת־אַרְבַּע), lit. "Town of the Four," is an urban Israeli settlement on the outskirts of Hebron, in the Judean Mountains region of the West Bank. In 2012, Kiryat Arba had a population of 7,593.[1] The international community considers Israeli settlements illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[2]

Etymology

Kiryat Arba is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible ( Genesis 23) as the place where Abraham buried Sarah. The Book of Joshua chapter 14 verse 15 says (Darby_Bible): "Now the name of Hebron before was Kirjath-Arba; the great man among the Anakim..."[3] There are various explanations for the name, not mutually exclusive. According to the great Biblical commentator Rashi, Kiryat Arba ("Town of Arba") means either the town (kirya) of Arba, the giant who had three sons, or the town of the four giants: Anak (the son of Arba) and his three sons - Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmi - who are described as being the sons of a "giant" in Numbers 13:22: "On the way through the Negev, they (Joshua and Caleb) came to Hebron where [they saw] Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmi, descendants of the Giant (ha-anak)..."[4] Some say that Anak ("Giant", see Anak) is a proper name (Targum Jonathan and the Septuagint),[5] and that he, Anak, may have been the father of the three others mentioned in the Book of Numbers as living in Hebron, previously known as "Kiryat Arba."

Alternatively, the name may refer to the four couples buried in the Machpela Cave: Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah, and according to the Zohar, Adam and Eve.[6]

History

Antiquity

Hebron is one of the earliest towns mentioned in history, and is the first Jewish settlement. According to the Bible (Numbers 13:23) it was founded seven years before Zoan or Tanis, the most ancient town in Lower Egypt, which means that it existed from the first half of the third millennium B.C. Josephus (Bel. Jud., IV, ix, 7) says that in his time the town was already 2300 years old. It was originally called Kiriat Arba, or Kiriat- ha-Arba (D. V. Cariath-Arbe, Genesis 23:2, 35:27; Joshua 14:15, 15:13, 15:54, 20:7, 21:11; Judges 1:10; Nehemiah 11:25) from the name of Arba, “the greatest among the Enacims” (Joshua 14:15).[7]

Modern era

Kiryat Arba cultural center

In 1968, a group of Jews led by Rabbi Moshe Levinger and Rabbi Eliezer Waldman founded Kiryat Arba on the eastern outskirts of Hebron. Israeli settlers claimed that Jewish settlement around Hebron was justified in light of the 1929 Hebron massacre and the continued presence of Jews in the area until then.[8] Building began on an abandoned military base in 1970, and residents moved in 1971. The town is a self-sufficient community, with pre-nursery through post-secondary educational institutions, medical facilities, shopping centers, a bank and a post office. Kiryat Arba attained local council status in 1979. While Kiryat Arba is located within the territory of the Har Hebron Regional Council, it is an independent local council. [9][10]

Israeli settlers living at Kiryat Arba have been subjected to multiple attacks by Palestinians. Between 1981 and 1986, four people from Kiryat Arba were shot and wounded in the Hebron marketplace. In 1994, a 17-year old girl from Kiryat Arba was shot and killed in a drive-by shooting.[11] In March 2003, a man was shot in his home.[12] Two months later, a married couple was killed in their home.[12] On November 26, 2009, a Palestinian stabbed and wounded two Israelis at a Kiryat Arba gas station. The Palestinian was then shot dead by an Israeli soldier.[13] On August 31, 2010, four residents, including a pregnant woman, were shot to death in their car by Hamas militants outside Kiryat Arba.[14] The Palestinian Authority arrested the perpetrators, but promptly released them after Hamas accused it of treason. On October 8, 2010, Israeli troops killed two of the perpetrators and arrested six during a raid in Hebron. In October 2011, a Palestinian stoning attack near Kiryat Arba caused the car of a resident to overturn, killing him and his infant son. The man's handgun and wallet were then stolen.[15] Following an investigation by Shin Bet, the IDF and police, two Palestinians from Halhul were arrested for throwing the stones that caused the car to overturn, and three others were arrested for stealing the gun.[16]

Baruch Goldstein, a Kiryat Arba physician, was responsible for the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre during which 29 unarmed Palestinian worshippers were shot to death and 125 others were wounded.[11]

Status under international law

Like all Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, Kiryat Arba is considered illegal under international law, though the Israeli government disputes this.[2][17] The international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of an occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory.[18] Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been legally held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.[19]

Neighborhoods

Kahane Park, Kiryat Arba

Kiryat Arba has four neighborhoods: the Kirya, Ashmoret Yitzhak, Ramat Mamre (also known as Givat Harsina) and Givat Avot, near the entrance of Hebron.

Landmarks

Kahane Park is named for Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of Kach, a far right political party that is banned and considered a terrorist organization in Israel. Meir Kahane was assassinated in the United States by an Arab gunman.[20] The grave of Baruch Goldstein, who perpetrated the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, is across the street from the park. According to a BBC news report in 2000, a group of 40 Jews held a Purim costume party at the site.[21]

Notable residents

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=%2Fpop_in_locs%2Fpop_in_locs_h.html&Name_h=%F7%F8%E9%E9%FA+%E0%F8%E1%F2
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Geneva Convention". BBC. 2009-12-10. 
  3. ↑ http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0614.htm
  4. ↑ http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=13
  5. ↑ http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=13#C2984
  6. ↑ Winter, Dave (1999). Israel Handbook. 
  7. ↑ New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia.
  8. ↑ Michael Feige (2009). Settling in the Hearts: Jewish Fundamentalism in the Occupied Territories. Wayne State University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0814327500. 
  9. ↑ "Beit HaShalom – the House of Peace – a new Jewish building in Hebron". March 19, 2007. 
  10. ↑ Jpost
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Terrorist attacks and violent incidents in Kiryat Arba
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism Since 2000". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
  13. ↑ Fendel, Hillel (November 26, 2009). "Kiryat Arba: Two Wounded in Terror Stabbing". Arutz Sheva. 
  14. ↑ The Lawless West Bank: The Next Powder Keg?
  15. ↑ Altman, Yair (September 25, 2011). "Police conclude Kiryat Arba car crash a terror attack". YNet. 
  16. ↑ Altman, Yair (October 6, 2011). "2 Palestinians arrested for Palmer murder". 
  17. ↑ Israel settlers obstruct building curbs inspectors BBC News. 1 December 2009
  18. ↑ The settlers' struggle BBC News. 19 December 2003
  19. ↑ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory International Court of Justice, 9 July 2004. pp. 44-45
  20. ↑ Specter, Michael (1990-11-06). "Jewish Leader Kahane Slain in New York". Washington Post. 
  21. ↑ "Graveside party celebrates Hebron massacre." BBC News, 21 March, 2000.

External links

Judea and Samaria Area (Israeli civil administration in occupied West Bank)
Cities
Regional committee
Local councils
Regional councils
Region
Other sub-divisions
See also
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