Pyrethrum

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Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum.

Description

Some members of the Chrysanthemum genus, such as the following two, are placed in the Tanacetum genus instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants with a daisy-like appearance and white petals.

  • Tanacetum cinerariifolium
    T. cinerariifolium is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums do. Its flowers, typically white with yellow centers, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100 cm in height. The plant is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized and the active components, called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When present in amounts less than those fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are not persistent, being biodegradable and also decompose easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. Kenya produced 90% (over 6,000 tonnes) of the world's pyrethrum in 1998, called py for short. Production in Tanzania and Ecuador is also significant. Currently the world's major producer is Tasmania, Australia.
  • Tanacetum coccineum
    C. coccineum, the Persian chrysanthemum, is a perennial plant native to Caucasus and looks somewhat like a daisy. It produces large white, pink or red flowers. The leaves resemble those of ferns, and the plant grows to between 30 and 60 cm in height. The flowering period is June to July in temperate climates (Northern Hemisphere). C. coccineum also contains insecticidal pyrethrum substances, but it is a poor source compared to C. cinerariifolium.
  • Other species, such as C. balsamita and C. marshalli, also contain insecticidal substances, but are less effective than the two species mentioned above.
Tanacetum cinerariifolium

Insecticides

Sprays

Pyrethrum has been used for centuries as an insecticide,[1] and as a lice remedy in the Middle East (Persian powder, also known as "Persian pellitory"). It was sold worldwide under the brand Zacherlin by Austrian industrialist J. Zacherl.[2]

The flowers should be dried and then crushed and mixed with water.

  • Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins); one common example is permethrin. A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as synergized pyrethrins.

Toxicity

Rat and rabbit LD-50 levels are very high (safe), with doses in some cases of about 1% of the animal's body weight required to cause significant mortality. Thus humans can eat it in quantities of many grams without harm. [3]

Companion planting

Because Chrysanthemums contain pyrethrums, they are used as companion plants, to repel pest insects from nearby crops and ornamental plants.[4] They are thought to repel aphids, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), leafhoppers, spider mites, harlequin bugs, ticks, pickleworms and imported cabbage worms, among others that are in gardens and farms. For example, they are planted among broccoli plants for protection from several common insect pests.

Common names

Common names for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium include:

  • Pyrethrum
  • Pyrethrum daisy
  • Dalmatian pyrethrum
  • Dalmatian chrysanthemum
  • Dalmatian insect flower
  • Dalmatian pellitory
  • Big daisy

Common names for Chrysanthemum coccineum include:

  • Pyrethrum
  • Pyrethrum daisy
  • Painted daisy
  • Persian chrysanthemum
  • Persian insect flower
  • Persian pellitory
  • Caucasian insect powder plant

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Bioaromatica The history of pyrethrum
  2. ↑ US patent 308172, Johann Zacherl, "Pyrethrum Soap", issued 1884-11-18 
  3. ↑ insecticide (botanical, mineral, synthetic) toxicity to mammals Electronic Data Information Source of University of Florida
  4. ↑ Riotte, Louise (1998). Carrots Love Tomatoes. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-58017-027-7. 

External links


Insecticide/pediculicide
Chlorine-containing products
Acaricide/miticide/scabicide
Pyrethrines
Sulfur-containing products
Chlorine-containing products
Other/ungrouped

M: IFT

helm, arth (acar)

helm, arth (lice), zoon

helm, arth

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