Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
| Pulmonary interstitial emphysema | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Chest radiography showing severe pulmonary interstitial emphysema | |
| ICD-10 | P25.0 |
| ICD-9 | 518.1 |
| eMedicine | ped/ |
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a collection of air outside of the normal air passages in the body and instead is found inside the connective tissue of the peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa, and visceral pleura. This collection develops as a result of alveolar and terminal bronchiolar rupture. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is more frequent in premature infants who require mechanical ventilation for severe lung disease. Infants suffering from pulmonary interstitial emphysema are typically recommended for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is created when air bursts or ruptures through tissue from the alveoli and bronchioles into the perivascular tissue of the lung.
Etiology
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a concern in any of the following diagnosis:
- Prematurity
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)
- Amniotic fluid aspiration
- Sepsis, or other infections
- Mechanical ventilation
Epidemiology
United States
The prevalence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema widely varies with the population studied. In a 1987 study 3% of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema.[1]
International
Studies reflecting international frequency demonstrated that 2-3% of all infants in NICUs develop pulmonary interstitial emphysema.[2][3] When limiting the population studied to premature infants, this frequency increases to 20-30%, with the highest frequencies occurring in infants weighing fewer than 1000 g.[4]
Prognosis
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema often resolves gradually and may take 2-3 weeks.[1] For longer durations of PIE the length of time of mechanical ventilation needed may increase and the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia becomes higher. Some infants may develop chronic lobar emphysema, which may require surgical lobectomies.[5]
Treatment
Different treatments have been used to manage pulmonary interstitial emphysema with variable success. Admission/transfer to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is common and expected for patients with PIE. Treatments include:
- Lateral decubitus position with the affected side down
- High-frequency ventilation
- Lobectomy
- Selective Main Bronchial Intubation and Occlusion[6]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Heneghan MA, Sosulski R, Alarcon MB (1987). "Early pulmonary interstitial emphysema in the newborn: a grave prognostic sign.". Clin Pediatr (Phila) 26 (7): 361–5. PMID 3595042.
- ↑ Hart SM, McNair M, Gamsu HR, Price JF (1983). "Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in very low birthweight infants.". Arch Dis Child 58 (8): 612–5. PMC 1628320. PMID 6351760.
- ↑ Yu VY, Wong PY, Bajuk B, Szymonowicz W (1986). "Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in infants less than 1000 g at birth.". Aust Paediatr J 22 (3): 189–92. PMID 3767787.
- ↑ Gaylord MS, Thieme RE, Woodall DL, Quissell BJ (1985). "Predicting mortality in low-birth-weight infants with pulmonary interstitial emphysema.". Pediatrics 76 (2): 219–24. PMID 4022695.
- ↑ Morisot C, Kacet N, Bouchez MC, Rouland V, Dubos JP, Gremillet C et al. (1990). "Risk factors for fatal pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates.". Eur J Pediatr 149 (7): 493–5. PMID 2347343.
- ↑ Chalak LF, Kaiser JR, Arrington RW (2007). "Resolution of pulmonary interstitial emphysema following selective left main stem intubation in a premature newborn: an old procedure revisited.". Paediatr Anaesth 17 (2): 183–6. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.02044.x. PMID 17238893.