Pueblo IV Era

Map of Ancient Pueblo People in the American Southwest and Mexico.

During the Pueblo IV period, Four Corners pueblo settlements were abandoned (northern and central portion of the Anasazi region.)

Drawings of kachina dolls, from an 1894 anthropology book.

The Pueblo IV Era, (AD 1350 to 1600) was the fourth period of ancient pueblo life in the American Southwest. At the end of prior Pueblo III Era, Anasazi living in the Colorado and Utah regions abandoned their settlements and migrated south to the Little Colorado River and Rio Grande valleys. As a result, pueblos in those areas saw a significant increase in total population.

The Pueblo IV Era (Pecos Classification) is similar to the "Regressive Pueblo Period" or, referring to the Ancient Pueblo People of Colorado and Utah, the "Post Pueblo Period."

Architecture

Puebloan villages in Arizona and New Mexico had multi-storied pueblos of up to a thousand clustered rooms. The New Mexico villages were generally larger than those of western region, which had large plazas with long, rectangular kivas.^[1]

Communities

The great migration out of Colorado and Utah at the end of the Pueblo III Era resulted in an influx of people into the Rio Grande and Little Colorado River valleys. Within Arizona and New Mexico there was an aggregation of people from outlying sites to larger pueblos. The puebloan territory of the Pueblo IV Era also included the White Mountains, Verde Valley, Anderson Mesa, and Pecos areas.^[1][2]

• Rio Grande valley. Many puebloan people were found in the Rio Grande Valley, including the Acoma Pueblo and Zuni Pueblo areas, when the Spanish arrived about AD 1540.^[1]

• Bandelier area pueblos experienced considerable construction, increased population and improved standard of living after 1300 AD.^[3] Black-on-white pottery excavated at Bandelier was indistinguishable from that of the Mesa Verde National Park, indicating that at least some of the new residents came from Mesa Verde.^[4]

• Abandoned communities. Many of the sites of the early Pueblo IV period were abandoned by the 1400s, such as those in the White Mountains, Verde Valley, Middle Little Colorado River and Anderson Mesa.^[5] Petrified Forest villages were generally abandoned by the late 1500s. The land continued to be used for its resources and for travel.^[5]

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  Pecos National Historic Park

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  Taos Pueblo 1880

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  Puye Cliff Dwellings

Spanish colonization

An upsurge in the lifestyle of the Rio Grande valley residents in the beginning of the Pueblo IV Era was tempered by the 16th century Spanish colonization of the Americas which extended north into New Mexico. Don Juan de Onate, the colonial governor of the New Spain province of New Mexico, led 400 soldiers and farmers in 1598 to establish settlements into the Rio Grande valley area.^[3]

Culture and religion

• The people of the Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier area in the 1300s had black hair and red-brown skin and were short in stature, an average of about 5 feet and 4 inches tall for men. Women were about 5 feet tall. Generally, couples had a few children. Domesticated dogs were often part of a family's household.^[6]

• Religion. The Ancient Pueblo People integrated Kachina religious rituals into their lives by AD 1300. This helped to integrate diverse groups of people who migrated into the area and inhabited the large pueblos. The culture inspired a life of mutual cooperation, food sharing and religious rituals, such as rain-making. Kachina images appeared in murals in kivas, pictographs and petroglyphs. The Kachina religion was foundational for modern Zuni and Hopi people.^[1][5]

Agriculture

Sites were located next to reliable water sources which were often used to irrigate farm land. Gardens were established in terraces and stone-outlined "waffle gardens" near the pueblo.^[1] Once harvested, maize was ground using manos and metates. The presence of griddle stones hints at the creation of baked paper-like cornbread.^[7]

Small game and birds were hunted or trapped and seasonal wild plants were gathered to supplement the diet:

• Spring - beeweed and mustard greens
• Summer - chokecherries, currants, gooseberries and raspberries, yucca fruit
• Fall - seeds, nuts, juniper berries and prickly pears^[7]

Pottery

Plain surfaced pottery replaced the corrugated pottery of the Pueblo II and III Eras. Red, yellow and orange ware and polychrome (multiple-colored) pottery replaced black-on-white pottery of the previous pueblo eras. The pottery was often mass-produced, high quality pottery, and in the case of the western Anasazi, included Kachina figure and symbol designs. Glazed pots, created when mineral paints on the pottery surface were fired at high temperatures, emerged in the Anasazi pueblos.^[1][2] Artisans in the Petrified Forest created sophisticated Glaze-on-Red polychrome pottery.^[5]

Other material goods

Emerging material goods during this period were small triangular projectile points and piki stones for making bread.^[5]

Cultural groups and periods

The cultural groups of this period include:^[8]

• Anasazi - southern Utah, southern Colorado, northern Arizona and northern and central New Mexico.
• Hohokam - southern Arizona.
• Mogollon - southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico.
• Patayan - western Arizona, California and Baja California.

Notable Pueblo IV sites

Colorado River tributaries

Pueblos in the Rio Grande valley

Gallery

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  Taos Pueblo

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  Bandelier National Monument ruins

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  Pueblo Grande, Arizona

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  Acoma Pueblo, Ansel Adams

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  Sandia Mountain, sacred land of the Sandia Pueblo people

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  Zuni Pueblo, 1850 illustration

References

Further reading

• Reed, Paul F. (2000) Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-656-9.
• Stuart, David E.; Moczygemba-McKinsey, Susan B. (2000) Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2179-8.
• Wenger, Gilbert R. The Story of Mesa Verde National Park. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. ISBN 0-937062-15-4.

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