Pseudomonas putida
| Pseudomonas putida | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Gamma Proteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Genus: | Pseudomonas |
| Species: | P. putida |
| Binomial name | |
| Pseudomonas putida Trevisan, 1889 | |
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 12633 CCUG 12690 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Bacillus fluorescens putidus" Flügge 1886 | |
Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped saprotrophic soil bacterium. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida has been placed in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name.[1]
It is the first patented organism in the world. Because it is a living organism the patent was disputed and brought before the United States Supreme Court in the historic court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty which the inventor, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, won. It demonstrates a very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene.[2] This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to biodegrade oil. Use of P. putida is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species capable of such degradation as it is a safe species of bacteria, unlike P. aeruginosa for example, which is an opportunistic human pathogen.
Uses
Bioremediation
The diverse metabolism of P. putida may be exploited for bioremediation; for example, it is used as a soil inoculant to remedy naphthalene contaminated soils.[3]
P. putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA.[4][5] This may be of use in the effective recycling of Polystyrene foam, otherwise thought to be non-biodegradable.
Biocontrol
P. putida has demonstrated potential biocontrol properties, as an effective antagonist of damping off diseases such as Pythium[6] and Fusarium.[7]
Oligonucleotide Usage Signatures of the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Genome
Di- to pentanucleotide usage and the list of the most abundant octa- to tetradecanucleotides are useful measures of the bacterial genomic signature. The Pseudomonas putida KT2440 chromosome is characterized by strand symmetry and intra-strand parity of complementary oligonucleotides. Each tetranucleotide occurs with similar frequency on the two strands. Tetranucleotide usage is biased by G+C content and physicochemical constraints such as base stacking energy, dinucleotide propeller twist angle or trinucleotide bendability. The 105 regions with atypical oligonucleotide composition can be differentiated by their patterns of oligonucleotide usage into categories of horizontally acquired gene islands, multidomain genes or ancient regions such as genes for ribosomal proteins and RNAs. A species-specific extragenic palindromic sequence is the most common repeat in the genome that can be exploited for the typing of P. putida strains. In the coding sequence of P. putida LLL is the most abundant tripeptide.[8]
Organic Synthesis
Certain variants of P. putida have been used in organic synthesis, the first example being the oxidation of benzene, employed by Prof. S. V. Ley in the synthesis of the cyclitol (+/-)pinitol.[9]
CBB5 and caffeine consumption
Pseudomonas putida CBB5 can live on pure caffeine and has been observed to break caffeine down into carbon dioxide and ammonia.[10][11]
References
- ↑ Anzai, et al.; Kim, H; Park, JY; Wakabayashi, H; Oyaizu, H (2000, Jul). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50 (4): 1563–89. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563. PMID 10939664.
- ↑ Marqués, Silvia; Ramos, Juan L. (1993). "Transcriptional control of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid catabolic pathways". Molecular Microbiology 9 (5): 923–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01222.x. PMID 7934920.
- ↑ Gomes, NC; Kosheleva, IA; Abraham, WR; Smalla, K (2005). "Effects of the inoculant strain Pseudomonas putida KT2442 (pNF142) and of naphthalene contamination on the soil bacterial community". FEMS microbiology ecology 54 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2005.02.005. PMID 16329969.
- ↑ Immortal Polystyrene Foam Meets its Enemy | LiveScience
- ↑ Ward, PG; Goff, M; Donner, M; Kaminsky, W; O'Connor, KE (2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic". Environmental science & technology 40 (7): 2433–7. doi:10.1021/es0517668. PMID 16649270.
- ↑ Amer, GA; Utkhede, RS (2000). "Development of formulations of biological agents for management of root rot of lettuce and cucumber". Canadian journal of microbiology 46 (9): 809–16. doi:10.1139/w00-063. PMID 11006841.
- ↑ Validov, S; Kamilova, F; Qi, S; Stephan, D; Wang, JJ; Makarova, N; Lugtenberg, B (2007). "Selection of bacteria able to control Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Radicis-lycopersici in stonewool substrate". Journal of applied microbiology 102 (2): 461–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03083.x. PMID 17241352.
- ↑ Cornelis P (editor). (2008). Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 1-904455-19-0.
- ↑ Ley, Steven V; Sternfeld, Francine; Taylor, Stephen (1987). "Microbial oxidation in synthesis: A six step perparation of (+)-pinitol from benzene". Tetrahedron Letters 28 (2): 225. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)95692-2.
- ↑ http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/05/24/newly-discovered-bacteria-lives-on-caffeine
- ↑ Summers, RM; Louie, TM; Yu, CL; Subramanian, M (2011). "Characterization of a broad-specificity non-haem iron N-demethylase from Pseudomonas putida CBB5 capable of utilizing several purine alkaloids as sole carbon and nitrogen source". Microbiology (Reading, England) 157 (Pt 2): 583–92. doi:10.1099/mic.0.043612-0. PMID 20966097.
External links
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Pseudomonas putida CR30RNSLL(pADPTel).
- Pseudomonas putida is an example for plant growth promoting Rhizobacterium,which produces iron chelating substances.